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Transcript

Currently

Health care reforms typically attempt to:

1.Expand the array of health care providers consumers may choose among

2.Improve the access to health care specialists

3.Improve the quality of health care

4.Give more care to citizens

5.Decrease the cost of health care

During 2009 and 2010 there had been much debate by the members of Congress over health reform.

Democrats: Believe the organization of health care a concern of government

Republicans: Believe that it should be left to the marketplace.

Obamacare

Healthcare Reform?

How is it paid for?

budget cuts, taxes and government funding. This includes a .9% Medicare tax and unearned income tax (on income over $200/$250k), and a tax on employers with over 50 full-time employees who do not supply their employees with affordable quality health care.

1. Mandates for everyone to have medical insurance just as drivers are legally required to have car insurance, or pay a fine.

2. The government will subsidize people with low incomes, covering their premiums through expanded Medicaid coverage or tax credits.

3. Guarantees that insurance companies cannot deny coverage

4. Coverage of young adults thorough their parents policy until age 26

How the Obamacare Tax penalty works

Your tax penalty for not having insurance is paid on your federal income taxes at the end of the year.

2014 = $95 per person per year or 1% of your Income

2015 = $325 per person per year or 2% of your Income

2016 = $695 per person per year or 2.5% of your Income

2017 = Tax Penalty will increase by the rate of inflation going forward, or 2.5% of your Income

Race/Ethnicity

Some key issues between each race and their health issues include:

1. Life expectancy for male African-Americans is six years less than Caucasian males. Native Americans, who have the poorest health of all racial categories in the US) have a life expectancy that is ten years less than the entire nation.

2. The Black infant morality rate is 13.3 per 1,000, while with White infants it's 5.6 per 1,000, which is 2.5 times less.

3. Black women are more than three times as likely to die from child birth as compared to White women, because they cannot afford prenatal care,their babies are twice as likely to be born with a low birth weight.

Social Class

Inequality in the Healthcare System

Wealth

What is a health care system?

Being lower on the spectrum of wealth mostly always comes with health issues. In poorer neighborhoods, people are more often exposed to environmental hazards, unsafe work conditions, poor medical treatment, and health impaired lifestyles (smoking, drinking, drug abuse, etc.)

The United States Health System

A health care system is the organization of people, institutions, and resources to deliver health care services to meet the health needs of target populations.

How healthy a person is relies on their ability to access healthy food and good medical care. Where one stands in society, determines whether they can afford to by nutritious food and doctor visits. As with education, crime, finances, the health care system in the United States favors the richer, white man. The distribution of health care is focused on three social structures: Class, Race/Ethnicity and Gender.

Realities of Social Class

Job/Occupation

The wealthier argue that the health issues related to the poor are due to cultural customs, and lifestyle choices.

However, this ideology ignores the fact that people from more privileged backgrounds have less stress from outside issues.

People from poorer neighborhoods have to worry about crime, low wages, job security and hazardous working conditions. The poor are more likely to have high blood pressure from stressing over whether they can afford food, rent, and other utilities.

Additionally, wealthier people have more knowledge and access to healthier resources.

A man with twelve years of education compared to a man with thirteen years of education is more than twice as likely to die of heart disease, and more than three times as likely to die from injury.

Along with lower wages, jobs of lower prestige also lack health benefits present in those of higher prestige. People lower on the poverty line cannot purchase life insurance and do not get the proper health services.

Furthermore, the uninsured cannot afford the pricey cost of hospitals and other medical facilities. Hospital visits for the uninsured are more than double the price for insured patients who normally are higher on the socio-economical spectrum.

Health Issues Amongst Minorities

1.Heart Disease-Black men are twice as likely to die from heart disease before the age of 65, as compared to White men.

2.Cancer- Death from cancer is twice as greater for Black people, compared to White people.

3.Dementia- Black people are twice as likely to suffer from Dementia

4.Vision Problems- Black men are twice as likely to have vision issues.

Is Health Care a Right?

What is Medicare?

In the Universal Declaration of Human Rights it states that " Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services..."

So why is the United States the only developed country without universal healthcare?

Social Problems:

The Health Care System

1. Publicly funded by the government.

2. For people 65 years and older and those with disabilities.

3. Financed through federal income taxes and individual employee premiums.

4.Covers hospital services, physician services, and offers a prescription drug benefit.

Ashanti Hargrove, Subrina Searwar, and Davian Rodriguez

Health Care Systems

Though there are over 200 different countries in the world, health care systems tend to follow general patterns:

The Bismarck Model

The National Health Insurance Model

1. Found in Japan, France, Belgium and Switzerland

2. It uses private health insurance, which is financed by employers and employees like the US,

The difference is: it covers everyone and insurance companies don't make a profit. The government has tight regulation on medical services and fees to contain cost.

1. Found in Canada, Taiwan, and South Korea.

2. Hybrid of the Bismarck and Beveridge systems.

3. Health care providers are private, but the payer is a government run insurance program.

4. This is known as a single-payer plan, the government collects monthly premiums from every citizen and pays the medical bills.

The Beveridge Model

The Out-of-Pocket Model

1. Found in rural regions of Africa, India, China, and South America.

2. No insurance or government plan.

3. Only the rich have access to medical care.

1. Found in Great Britain, Italy, Spain, Cuba.

2. Financed by the government and there are no medical bills.

3.Medical treatment is treated as a public necessity like education.

4.Most hospitals are government owned, but the private practices that are present are reimbursed.

5. Costs are kept low by the government.

What is Medicaid?

1. Funded by the state and federal governments.

2. For people with low incomes (very poor pregnant women, children, elderly, disabled, and parents)

3. Every dollar that a state spends on Medicaid is matched by the federal government up to 100 percent. Overall the federal government pays for 57 percent of Medicaid costs.

Social Organization

Each of the advanced nations has one health program for its people. The United States, in sharp contrast maintains separate systems for different categories of people.

1. The plan for workers

2. The plan for Native Americans, Military Personnel, and Veterans

3. The plan for those 65 and over

4. The plan for the uninsured

Cost

Health Crises

1. Profit drives the system

2. Inefficiency

3. Many physicians practice defensive medicine

4. Lawsuits alleging malpractice on the part of the doctor

5. Scientist continue to invent costly new tests, drugs, and treatments

6. Shortage of primary care physicians and over use of specialist

7. The greatest part of the health care bill of Americans is the wide use of prescription drugs

There are many reasons the health care in the United States is not up to par with other developed nations. Those reasons are:

1. Cost

2. Coverage

3. Consequence

Coverage

The coverage for citizens and the social organization of health care systems go hand in hand. The coverage can be broken up into four parts:

1. There are separate health care systems for different categories of people (also known as social organization)

2. The system relies heavily on for-profit private insurance to pay bills

3. It also relies on for-profit hospitals to care for the sick.

4. The system is dominated by privately owned managed care.

Good Health Consequences?

The United States spends 50 percent more per capita on health care than any other country, but are they the healthiest? No.

1. Out of 191 countries rated in terms of "fairness" in their health care systems, the U.S. was ranked fifty-fourth.

2. The U.S. is the worst of the developed countries on "avoidable mortality," or death before age 75 from conditions that are at least partially modifiable with treatment.

3. The U.S. ranks forty-seventh in average life expectancy.

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