Theories Mind Map

Howard Gardner

Appreciating all Areas

• Not "How smart are you?" but "How are you smart?"

Teaching Strategies

• Offer many opportunities to practice in all areas.

• Use lessons that combine different areas.

• Offer different ways to explore.

• Rubrics are more useful than letter grades, because they explain what they want in an assignment

• Provident many centers with different learning strategies.

If I know you're very good in music, I can predict with just about zero accuracy whether you're going to be good or bad in other things. -Howard Gardner-

Educational Theories

Jean Piaget

• Provide real tools that work.
• Give access to equipment.
• Create beauty and order in the class.
• Allow children to take responsibility.
• Schedule large open ended blocks of time.

“What we see changes what we know. What we know changes what we see.”

- Jean Piaget

The greatest sign of a success for a teacher is to be able to say, "The children are now working as if I did not exist.

-Maria Montessori

We discovered that education is not something which the teacher does, but that it is a natural process which develops spontaneously in the human being.

Cognitive Development

-Maria Montessori

What Creates Learning?

Maria Montessori

• 0-18 months- Reactions are purely reflexes. Learn by sense and reflex.
• 18 months to 6 years- Focus on one things at a time. Learn by experiencing.
• 6-12 years- Focus on many qualities and form their own opinions and ideas of familiar events.
• 12+ years- logical and hypothetical thought.

“Each time one prematurely teaches a child something he could have discovered himself, that child is kept from inventing it and consequently from understanding it completely.”

• Doing as much work as possible, on their own.
• Understanding without outside help.
• Children learn to fullfil their curiosity.

- Jean Piaget

Teachers Should Do

• Keep materials small and within reach of children.
• Use chairs and tables that fit the children.
• Provide a beautiful work space.
• Allow time for child chosen activities.
• Observe before planning.

Maria Montessori

Major Early Childhood Influence

Social Interactions

Stages

• Encourage the students to communicate and talk amongst themselves.
• Create lessons where they are asked to work together.

Trust vs. Mistrust (Hope)

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Willpower)

Initiative vs. Guilt (Purpose)

Industry vs. Inferiority (Competence)

What Teachers Should Do

What Teachers Should Know

Zone of Proximal Development

• Use your knowledge to expand that of your students.
• Be cautious of the family and their needs.
• Consider the background of each child before planning a learning activity.

• Make sense of the world for children.
• Make the curriculum relevant to the students lives.
• Be intentional with the curriculum.

• Plan lessons to encourage the emerging abilities of students.
• Plan the lessons just outside of what they can already accomplish.
• Create groups of children that will learn from each other.

Theory

Lev Vygotsky

“I believe, finally, that the teacher is engaged, not simply in the training of individuals, but in the formation of a proper social life.”

–John Dewey

Lev Vygotsky

Language is the tool of the tools.

“... People with great passions, people who accomplish great deeds, people who possess strong feelings, even people with great minds and a strong personality, rarely come out of good little boys and girls.”

Erik Erikson

Educational Beliefs

John Dewey

-Lev Vygotsky-

• Child centered
• Active
• Interactive
• Involving the social world of the child
• Involving the social world of the community

John Dewey

Progressive Movement

"Hope is both the earliest and the most indispensable virtue inherent in the state of being alive. If life is to be sustained hope must remain, even where confidence is wounded, trust impaired."

-Erik Erikson

Encourageing These Skills

Erik Erikson

• Hold babies close
• Respond to cry's right away
• Give ample choices
• Set clear and reasonable limits
• Encourage independence
• Focus on gains not on mistakes

There is in every child at every stage a new miracle of vigorous unfolding which constitutes a new hope and a new responsibility for all.

Theories Mind Map

By: Alannah Hawks