Anne Dela Cruz
Organizations and Components
The State Department
Foreign Policy
- The department of state is organized along both geographic & functional lines.
Isolationism to Internationalism
The Foreign Service
- Foreign policy is a group made up of all the stands & actions that a nation takes in every aspect of its relationships with other countries; everything a nations government says & does in world affairs.
- some aspects of foreign policy remain largely unchanged over time & other policies are more flexible.
- It involves:
- Under international law every nation has the right of legation - the right to send & receive diplomatic representatives.
Ambassadors
- An official representative of the U.S appointed by the President to represent the nation in matters of diplomacy.
Special Diplomats
- The State Department, headed by the secretary of state, is the President's right arm in foreign affairs.
- The President names the secretary of state, subject to the confirmation by the senate.
- The Department of Foreign affairs had first been created in 1781 under the articles of confederation.
- For more than 150 years, American people were concerned with domestic affairs.
- Nobody was concerned with foreign affairs which are the nations relationship with other nations.
- Wars & other political changes in different countries have impact on the U.S. & their daily lives.
- Those whom the president names to certain other diplomatic pasts also carry the rank of the ambassador.
Passports
- A certificate issued by a government to its citizens who travel or live abroad. It is a privilege.
Diplomatic Immunity
- They are not subject to the laws of the state to which they accredited.
The Defense Department
The Military Departments
Civil Control of Military
- The army is essentially a ground - based force, & is responsible for military operations on land.
The Department of the Navy
- 2 major missions: 1) To seize or defend land bases from which the ships of the fleet & the air power of the navy & marines can operate. 2) To carry out other land operations.
Department of Air Force
- Primary responsibility for military air & aerospace operators in time of war its major duties are to defend the U.S. & attack & defeat enemy air, ground, & sea forces.
Section 1:
Foreign Affairs and National Security
Chapter 17:
Foreign Policy
Anne Dela Cruz
Jacob Aguirre
Section 2:
National Defense
&
Other Foreign and Defense Agencies
Jacob Aguirre
Monzerrath Alarcon
Section 3:
American Foreign Policy Overview
Policy of Isolationism
- U.S. refused to become permanently involved with the world
" Our true policy was to steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world"
Dealing with Soviet Union
- Yalta Conference in 1945:
democracy would be established in liberated E. Europe
massive program of economic and military aid
The End of The Cold War
- Mikhail Gorbachev and President Ronald Reagan met in summit conference
- Focused on arm limitations and eased tensions
to keep communism within boundaries
Resisting Soviet Aggression
Berlin Blockade
- Soviet trained and equipped North Korean and Communist Chinese
North
Affairs with Asia
Korea
- The Europeans and Japanese wanted sections of China's trading
Attack
1899
- Relations with Japan worsen leading to Pearl Harbor
- Communist took over China
- U.S. insisted on Open Door policy:
equal trade access or all nations and preserve China's sovereignty
South
Korea
- Made up of American and South Korean troops
Cuban Missile Crisis
- Viet Cong began civil war with S. Vietnam
- Fidel Castro hid Soviet arms and technicians
North
- Missiles that reach U.S. and Latin America
Vietnam
- Cease fire signed in 1973
South
- warned that U.S. would attack Cuba unless missiles removed
Vietnam
- U.S. responded with economic and military aid
2 New Policies
Deterrence:
Collective Security:
- UN: to promote international cooperation to maintain peace and security
- Strategy to maintain military might to discourage attacks from another country
Affairs in Latin America
- Threat of European intervention
- (Theodore) Roosevelt's Corollary:
U.S. began to police Latin America
- Revolutions
- Unpaid foreign debts
- Injured citizens and territory
"Speak softly and carry a big stick"
- (Franklin) Roosevelt's Good Neighbor Policy:
attempting to make friends in the South
Involvements in Both World Wars
WW1
WW2
The end of isolationism
The return of isolationism
- Entered "to make the world safe for democracy"
- Entered after the bombing of Pearl Harbor
- When over, U.S. retrieved involvements
- U.S. became the mightiest military power
- Refused to join League of Nations
- The war ended with the 2 atomic bombs in: Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Alarcon
Monzerrath
Angelica Puentes
Section 4:
Foreign Aid and Defense Alliances
Did you Know??
Foreign Aid and Security Alliances
Rio Pact
Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance
Very similar to NATO but involves U.S., Canada, and 32 Latin American countries
the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Rio Pact is a Restatement of the Monroe Doctrine
There are many other alliances
-After WWII the U.S. shifted from isolationism to internationalism
-The U.S. became the first Nation to ratify the U.N. Charter
Declares U.N. was created
"To save succeeding generations from the scourge of war"
Security Alliances
Foreign Aid
NATO
United Nations
Established in 1949
Security Council
Other Important U.N. Bodies
~Economic and Military aid to other countries~
The Work of the United Nations
5 are permanent
( U.S., Britain, France, Russia, and China)
10 are not permanent
- Economic & Social Council (ECOSOC)
- 54 members = 3 year terms
- Responsible to carry out economic, cultural, education & health related activities
- Trusteeship Council
- Promote well-being of the people
- International Court of Justice (ICJ)
- United Nations Judicial arm
- Secretariat
- Civil service branch of United Nations
- 5 year terms
How Did it Begin?
-Alliance was formed to promote collective defense of Western Europe
"An armed attack against one or more of them in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack against them all."
- Purpose is to make the world a better place
- Peacekeeping is its primary function
- They help the worlds poorest nations
- Majorly concerned in health, the environment, and human rights.
-called "town meeting of the world"
(they meet once a year)
Israel, Egypt, the Philippines, and various from Latin America have been helped by the U.S.
Independent (A.I.D) administers most of the economic aid programs
- with the Lend-Lease program of the early 1940"
(U.S. gave $50,000 after WWII)
-Since then this country has spent more than $500 billion in aid to more than 100 country's world wide
- Foreign aid became an important part of the containment policy (1947)
-originally composed of U.S. and 11 other countries
~over the years more countries joined~
-With the collapse of Soviet Union, NATO extended and covered much of Eastern Europe
The U.S. and other countries have agreed to take action against aggression in a certain part of the world
The U.S. has constructed a network of
Regional Security Alliances, built on mutual defense treaties
Under the Marshall Plan, the U.S. poured some $12.5 billion into 16 nations in West Europe After WWII
George C. Marshall
Angelica Puentes