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Nanotechnology in Medical Imaging

Positron Emission Topography Scanning

  • Provides functional information - not structural
  • Blood flow, glucose metabolism, and O2 use
  • Increased tissue penetration - radiotrackers
  • carriers for radiotracer molecules
  • Multimodal imaging
  • large surface area
  • Good for diagnostic and research

Benefits

Computed Tomography Scanning

Bodily Interactions

  • Works with all other imaging devices
  • Cost = purchase of contrast materials
  • Hospital already pays for
  • Able to better view in contrast
  • View of tumors and other tissues more exact
  • Provides new updates for all of the imaging modules
  • Typically recognized as foreign -> immune response
  • Mononuclear phagocyte system
  • Complement system (blood proteins)
  • Balance : circulation time + signal strength
  • Coating agents : time + stability
  • Concern = aggregation
  • Hydrophilic and neutral surfaces

Bibliography

  • X-ray based imaging -> cross sectional images
  • Now = iodine/gadolinium based contrast
  • nonspecific, short circulation, catheterization, renal toxicity, poor in larger
  • Bismuth sulphide, iodinated, + gold
  • 2 step synthesis + 5x increase in absorption : -controlling + modifying shape/surface
  • Iodine -> nanostructures : longer circulation + increased concentration
  • 2-5x absorption + prolonged circulation time + rapid renal clearance + lower radiation
  • http://www.omicsonline.org/nanotechnology-and-diagnostic-imaging-new-advances-in-contrast-agent-technology-2157-7439.1000115.php?aid=2095
  • http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/107/8/1092.full
  • http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2844987/

What is diagnostic imaging?

Technologies that look into the body to diagnose pathologies

- contrast agents: sensitivity

Nanotechnologies - sensitivity, bio-compatibility, and bio-distribution

CT with Nanotechnology

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

  • High temporal and spatial resolution
  • Safe and non-invasive
  • Relaxation time to radiofrequency pulse measured - provides contrast
  • Contrast agents enhance visibility:
  • Now = Gadolinium
  • SPION
  • Contrast enhancement
  • Retain zero net magnetization
  • Minimize iron loading

Targeting

  • Most often publicized promises of nanotechnology
  • Passive targeting
  • Selective accumulation : tumors
  • Active targeting
  • Specific biomarker : internalization and intracellular accumulation
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