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• Past 5 years: attempt to lessen linguistic rift
• distancing of colonial past
• focus on local languages (wake of independence)

Case Study 1

Language

Language in the classroom

2000's

• English in schools
• Rift between home life and school life

• Still official language of Kenya
• Basis of educational system
• “official” way of expression

rise of hybrid identity

Continuity in p.c. Kenya:

• Cut off from native culture.
• English as parameter of degree of civilization.
• Mastery awards „non-blackness“.

Colonial Kenya:

• Process of othering.
• English = key to the white privileged world.
• Keeping linguistic traditions was despised (synonym of sin/evil).

(Tuttle, 2015)

Language in the professional life

Sheng

• Understanding of English language as a tool to achieve benefits of global economic system (Tuttle, 2015)
• Intentional reappropriation of former symbol of oppression (Cubaka, 2014)

• Reinterpretation of the symbol English language
• Gateway to success not symbol of forceful imposition
• new attribution of meaning

• Increased proximity of different ethnic groups
• Difficulty of communication
• Sheng, hybridity in it's clearest form
• Origin: school-children
• Dynamic nature
• Reflects Kenyan identity as a whole regardless of tribal affiliation
• Counteracting, emerging factor to tribalism and ethno-politics
• Uniquely Kenyan answer to problems of language
• Spread across social classes and neighbouring countries

"To speak a language is to take on a world, a culture. […]

I remember, in a lecture I had drawn a parallel between

Negro and European poetry, and a French acquaintance told me enthusiastically, ‘At bottom you are a white man.’ The fact that I had been able to investigate so interesting a problem through the white man’s language gave me honorary citizenship." (Fanon, 1967)

Hip-Hop

Illustration 5

• Rap Song: Unbwogable
• Corruption in music industry
• assertion of ethnic identity and constant self praise
• Emphasis on own determination in the face of challenging obstacles
• Mirrors conceit found in western based Hip-Hop
• Actually: performing pakurok
• Hip-Hop infused with local characteristics

Hybrid, localization of the global

"It is now impossible to distinguish to what degree these acts of self-aggrandizement can be attributed to "western" Hip-Hop or indigenous cultural practices"

Case Study 2

M-PESA

• social- & western-style banking
• culture based market research
• How does it work ?

• positive multifunctional effects
• solution for money exchange problems

• Safaricom: most valuable brand in Kenya

(Tuttle, 2015)

Research question

Area Studies: Anglo-American Countries

Mr. Webb and Prof. Montiel

"To which degree does the impact of the British Empire's colonization affect

the political, economic and social identity of decolonizing Kenya?"

Group members:

Thank you for your attention.

EXCH

IB

IB

IB

IMC

Pablo Corbacho

Chiara Catalano

Marleen Maxeiner

Danae Schröder

Lamin Rubas

Hypotheses

• Kenya's post colonial development efforts are contingent on the West's development experience.
• The mutual dependencies between the colonizer and the colonized led and lead to the formation of hybrid identities.
• There do not exist local developments in Kenya, that influence global processes.

Structural Adjustment Programs

State-led development

Colonial development

Modern participatory development programs

Point of independence

Pre-colonial development

NGO's

Political aspects

Economic aspects

Social aspects

Flawed state-led developing programs

Corrupt and inefficient government

Demand of western-standard goods

Seventy's oil crisis

Economic aspects

• Introduction of new policies & socio-economic concepts.
• Division into int. state structures.
• Imposition of arbitrary boundaries.
• Divide and rule policies.
• Centralized authoritarian structures.
• Indirect rule-system.

• Local knowledge systems.
• Strategies of partnership.
• Claim to use indigenous participation and insights into program development.

• Conflict with identification.

• Deconstructed meaning of power.

• Search for new sense of history.

• Inter-ethnic competition.

Increased tensions.

• Creation of a spatial economy.

• Economic segregation as official policy.

• Export economy

• State as employer

• Forced labor.

• Taxes as most important income source.

• Restricted inter-regional trade.

• Economic dependency remains.

• No basic economic foundation.

• Complication with return of land.

• Colonial mindset of european values.

(Overton, 1987 )

(Mamdani, 2007)

Huge debt

(Ahluwalia, 1996)

(Thomson, 2016)

Implications

• Territories according to tribes/groups.

• Politics based on laws concerning land and natural resources.

• Institutions dealing with management of these.

• Traditional systems.

(Tuttle, 2015)

• Alienation of land.
• Imposing of alien structures.
• Contradictions.

Illustration 2

Illustration 3

(Overton, 1987)

• International aid money.
• Developing plans designed after recovery schemes of european countries.
• Plans contained policies favoring industrialization and infrastructure development.
• Promoted capitalism.

Major divergence from traditional Kenyan ways of life.

Failure of attempts.

Dissatisfaction of doners.

(Overton, 1978)

(Thomson, 2016)

(Adams and Mulligan, 2003)

• Seek aid from International Financial Institutions Structural Adjustment Programs.
• Protectionist trade policies.
• Cut spending.

(Schein, 2010)

''Colonization was long enough to destroy leadership in Africa but it wasn't long enough to replace it with anything sustainable.''

(Dowden, 2012)

Political aspects

Social aspects

Accountability to the foreign donors as opposed to target communities?

• Westminster model of government.
• Adoption of colonial structures.
• Transfer of power to african elite.
• Authoritarian single-party state (KANU).
• President Yomo Kenyatta.
• Patriotism & nationalism.
• Ethnic based exclusion & marginalization.

• Sharing power between “developers“ and “developees“.
• More needs oriented.
• Less bureaucratic, less corrupt.

- Gutted government spending.

- Devaluated their currency.

- Deregulated prices.

- Privatized national industries.

They tried to apply neoliberal western policies to developing countries. It didn't work.

Illustration 1

Slavery

Classism

Colonizer's

vision

• They got help from the Highly Indebted Poor Countries Initiative, but it wasn't enough.
• Western countries forced them to apply policies to allow them to pay.
• This led to the impoverishing of the population.

• Africans were 'inferior' and 'savage'.

• Social Darwinism.

• Couldn't own land.

• Europeans on top, asians in the middle and african in the bottom.

• Africans could only afford food, shelter and tax paying.

• Exposed to western materialism yet denied access to it.

• African elite.

• They worked in their homeland.

• 'Free slaves'.

• Bureaucratic structure.

• Runaway slaves.

• Eventually get freed.

(Bates, 2015)

(Razdan, 2007)

(Wambui, 2010)

(Thomson, 2016)

(Nybuga, 2011)

(Vincent, 2006)

(Tuttle, 2015)

Pre-colonial development

Modern development

Government restructuring

Colonization

Point of independence

State-led development

Motivated by success of state-led policies after WW2 in the Global North.

Austerity policies parallel the specific context of Reagan and Thatcher era in Global North.

Non profit development continues to rely on donor conditionalities, reflecting their current values and ambitions.

Illustration 4