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'a set of assumptions, concepts, values, and practices that constitutes a way of viewing reality for the community that shares them, especially in an intellectual discipline.'
--> the belief that the "external world" is created by ones own mind.
--> Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher during the Romantic period noted we cannot "see things in themselves". In this way we understand the world through our own point-of-view. [TRANSEDENTAL IDEALISM]
--> This form of idealism was further developed by other German idealism philosphoers.
--> Importantly, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel who created ABSOLUTE IDEALISM where each persons individual mind or consciousness is part of the Absolute Mind.
--> 'Romantic Idealism: Many Romantics believed that when human nature is corrupted (removed from the negative influences of industrialised society), human history and societies are able to progress towards a perfect state.'
Edmund Burke saw the sublime as an object that generated strong emotions, such as awe, terror and danger, in its beholders. For Burke, emotions like terror, allow people to transcend the 'mortal realm' more than other emotions such as love. The former emotions also are more action provoking.
Nature was seen as the most sublime object, able to create a variety of emotions at once in a person.
For most Romantics, the Sublime was, specifically the meeting between the internal and external worlds.
Romanticism philosophy of nature can be seen in two different and opposing notions.
1. linked with 'oppressive and totalitarian political dispositions'
(can be seen in Luc Ferry's 'The New Ecological Order')
2. 'simplistic nostalgia for a lost unity with nature' or estatic celebration of the beauty and greatness of nature.
(in reply to Ferry, Val Plumwood in Environmental Culture reminds us that "While it is important to note the role of those forms of Romanticism corrupted by the desire for unity and other oppressive forces, any analysis which puts all its stress on this factor ignores the diversity and liberatory aspects of some forms of Romanticism. . . . " (208))
French and American Revolutions
There were two industrial revolutions. One, starting during the 1700's was the introduction of machinery to replace animal labor in rural areas.
The second was from 1760 to 1914 and is characterized by both the mass production of goods, but also the introduction of steal, railroads, chemical and electricity.
Because of the Industrial Revolutions English Society went through severe shifts. A new class, the working class was formed, as before there was just the nobility, peasantry and a small, miniscule, middle class.
These changes also gave rise to the Romantic Spirit. The
Romanticist movement developed during and in the
wake of the Industrial Revolutions. Many
Romanticists spoke against the effects
of Industrialism.
The American Revolution was from 1775 to 1783. It was started because the americans refused to pay taxes and rebelled against England to become their own country.
The French revolution started 1789 and finished 1799. It was caused by the repression and the increase of taxes of those not of noble class or stature.
Both of these revolution inspired Romanticism
with how they were both rebelling against
authority and the rights of the
individuals
The enlightenment stretched from mid 17th century through the 18th century.
People during the enlightenment period believed in a variety of philosophies, including
During the enlightenment age there was a group of people called the philosophes, who were radically against church philosophies, as the church purveyed themselves as the all knowing and that its philosophies were the only true ones.
As the enlightenment was about thinking for oneself, which the church was said to be against, the philosophes were at odds with the church.
Romantics reacted against the 'order and symmetry' of neo-classical art, however, Romanticism followed and flowed on from the Neo-Classicism
--> concerned with and inspired by ancient Greek and Roman cultures
--> structural order and harmony, carefully maintained boundaries
--> perfection and completeness
Socio-economic:
--> 'Heroic element' from neo-classicism continued into Romanticism
--> Neo-Classical art = 'art as imitation'
--> Romantic art = 'art as expression'
Romantic scientists believed that the knowledge of nature "should not be obtained by force". They thought this would not only benefit nature but also mankind. They believed that enlightenment scientists abused nature to obtained knowledge.
Children were increasingly learning to read during this period then by the end of the 18th century children's literature began to develop.
General improvement of literacy.
Development of modern novel.
Elements which would later be developed as science fiction.
'Romantic literature encompasses not just the poems of canonical male writers but also children's books, domestic novels, religious tracts and popular tales,'
Women were becoming more established in the authoring of books and publications.
Invention of a continuous paper making machine, based on a specially woven bronze mesh conveyor belt called ‘the wire’. An improved version is developed and Fourdrinier Machines become operational from 1803 onwards. Modern papermaking machines are still based on this concept.'
Further developments were made to the print production as demand increased.
The romantics were very idealistic in their views of children, they believed in the innocence of childhood. Romantics loved how children have a sense of wonder about the world, and an everlasting creativity while they are young. Orphans, in particular, became a large part of Romanticism in literature and politics.
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