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Fourth World Geopolitics

Geopolitics:

“the contention between the great powers and aspiring great powers for control over territory, resources, and important geographical positions, such as ports and harbors, canals, river systems, oases, and other sources of wealth and influence.”

Fourth World Geopolitics:

is the conduct of social, economic, political, and strategic analysis of relations between nations and states. Uses history, sociology, politics, philosophy to explain the nature of the nation and state contention.

Ryser argues that the Fourth World will have increased relevance in global issues, such as climate change.

In what ways, do you think, Fourth World nations can contribute to addressing pressing global issues?

How can states better recognize these contributions and include Fourth World actors in decision-making?

International Relations Theory

The World Council of Indigenous Peoples promises to “control again [Fourth World Nations'] own destiny and recover [their] complete humanity."

In what ways, do you think, the Council and its mandate could affect relations with other nations and states?

What role would nationalism play?

The Case of Stateless Nations

Identity and Contextual Nature

1. Common discourse: Realpolitik vs. Universalism

2. New General theory in IR over the last few decades of the 20th century has combined elements from both sides.

3. The challenges Fourth World people's have in economic, political, social terms have caused changes in how IR is understood.

- How people imagine the EU as well as their place within it are key in understanding people’s identities

- The EU has allowed member nations to 'forgive and forget'.

-"Being European"

The EU provides ample room for multiple identities to develop and receive expression

Ex. Catalonia, Scotland, and Wales.

Presentation Outline

Conclusion

1. Fourth World Geopolitics

2. European Union

3. Discussion

  • Fourth World Geopolitics and the need for recognition in IR

  • European 'non-emotional' identity

  • EU allows for diverse national identities to flourish

Ryser argues that, "every person on the planet belongs to a nation due to their ancestral roots and cultural connections."

Do you believe this claim?

Can one belong to a nation regardless of their ancestral roots?

Can nations and nationalism be created?

The EU as a 'Non-emotional Identity'

Bedrock Nations

- The EU rests on several pillars

- Are these enough to generate loyalty for the EU?

(Ex. Greek Debt Crisis and Brexit)

- The fact that a European identity is not fully developed leaves the door open for nationalism to return

The Case of Nationless State: Malta

National identities and the European Union

  • Every person belongs to a nation

  • Nations have unique identities

  • Differences mediated through cultural, social, economic, and political institutions and customs

Is it an asset or a drawback that the European Union was constructed as a 'non-emotional' entity? Why?

1. Malta is characterized by an extremely polarized political system. The party people identify with has social implications.

2. Joining the EU was hotly debated

3. Joining the EU created a shared Maltese perspective.

1. Mutually Exclusive Conceptions of Identity

(Example: European vs. Englishman)

2. Other conceptions of identity: layered identity, nested identity, hybrid identities.

3. EU allows for the flourishing of different national identities.

The Case of Divided States

The Implications of EU membership for Cyprus have been varied and revolve around:

1. A transformative effect on Cyprotism as a national identity.

2. Taming irredentist claims on the Greek Cyprot side.

Has the EU been able to moderate national identities in Europe?

If so, how has this been achieved?

If not, can nationalism be moderated?

History of International Relations

The Case of Extraterritorial Nations

  • Clashing identities can lead to conflict (Ex. USSR, Yugoslavia)

  • IR relatively recent (began with nations "bumping into each other"

  • No dispute resolution mechanisms for nations, only states (Ex. UN)

In the case of Hungary, joining the EU had several implications:

1. Eliminated Irredentism (free movement of people)

2. Rejection of 'blood and soil' policies and along with this a reinvention of the Hungarian identity in a non threatening way

History of the European Union

  • European unity emerged out of experience after WWI and WWII

  • Economic and political integration to prevent further wars

Fourth World Diplomacy

  • Few states have experience or capacity to engage in Fourth World diplomacy

  • Fourth World nations possess skills and experience to engage diplomatically

With recent events (Brexit, Greek Debt Crisis, increased immigration, etc.) and moving into the future, does the EU still have relevance?

If so, how do you suggest the EU accommodate these growing challenges?

If not the EU, how will these challenges be addressed?

Alternate Perspective:

Europe: Unification and Integration

The Future and Fourth World Nations

  • Need to understand the Fourth World perspective

  • Need to recognize Fourth World institutions (World Council of Indigenous Peoples)

Nationalism Above the State

By Marnie Howlett and Fabian Montoya Fendt

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