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The constant supply of energy invested in the continuous display of light in communities, leads to a large amount of wasted energy, generating significant costs of up to 7 billion US dollars annually in the USA (Gallaway et al, 2010).

References & Appendices:

Kamrowski, R. L., Limpus, C., Moloney, J. and Hamann, M. (2012) “Coastal light pollution and marine turtles: assessing the magnitude the problem” Endangered Species Research, Vol. 19, pp. 85-98

Lyytimaki, J. (2013) “Nature’s nocturnal services: Light pollution as a non-recognised challenge for ecosystem services research and management.” Ecosystem Services, Vol. 3, pp. 44-48

Lyytimaki, J. (2015) “Avoiding overly bright future: The systems intelligence perspective on the management of light pollution.” (2015) Environmental Development

Rivas, M. L., Tomillo, P. S., Uribeondo, J. D. and Marco, A. (2015) “Leatherback hatchling sea-finding in response to artificial lighting: Interaction between wavelength and moonlight” Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, Vol. 463, pp. 143-149

Sharplev, R. (2009) “Tourism Development and the Environment: Beyond Sustainibility?” Earthscan: London, UK

Verutes, G. M., Huang, C., Estrella, R. R. and Loyd, K. “Exploring scenarios of light pollution from coastal development reaching sea turtle nesting beaches near Cabo Pulmo, Mexico.” (2014) Global Ecology and Conservation, Vol. 2, pp. 170-180

APPENDICES:

Leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea), Nguyen. N (2015)

Loggerhead (Caretta caretta), Biology Pop (2013): Accessed on 20 November, 2015: http://biologypop.com/caretta-caretta/

Green (Chelonia mydas), Dr. Evan D’Alessandro (2011): Accessed on 20 Novemember, 2015: http://www.rsmas.miami.edu/blog/2011/12/02/rosenstiel-has-turtle-power/green-sea-turtle-061022-french-reef-kl-img_4313/

Olive Ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea), NatGeo (2015): Accessed on 20 November, 2015: http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/reptiles/olive-ridley-sea-turtle/

Kemp’s Ridley (Lepidochelys kempii), Seth Patterson (2010): Accessed on 20 November, 2015: http://www.conservewildlifenj.org/species/fieldguide/view/Lepidochelys%20kempii/

Hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata), Urteaga (2010): Accessed on 20 November, 2015: http://www.fauna-flora.org/species/hawksbill-turtle/

Flatback (Natator depressus), Terrine (2013): Accessed on 20 November, 2015 https://www.nwf.org/News-and-Magazines/National-Wildlife/Animals/Archives/2013/Flatback-Sea-Turtle-Photos.aspx

Hatchlings and Female nesting turtle, Francis, B. (2015)

Hatchling video, Nguyen, N. (2015)

Solutions

  • Placement of a regulation that ensures the reduced use of light during the nesting season, with the additional help of patrol teams (thus creating job opportunities)
  • Adjusting positions of lights, use of light detectors, use of light shields, systems intelligence monitored lights

With cooperation from different stakeholders and management techniques, the welfare and existence of sea turtles can be improved.

Any questions?

Thank you

for listening

(Nguyen, 2015)

Stakeholders

Ethical Implications

Sea turtles

For nesting sea turtles:

It can lead to a termination of an ideal location, or termination of nesting as a whole, this therefore reduces the success rate of hatchlings (Rivas et al, 2015).

For hatchlings:

Artificial light can cause disorientation, which can lead on to exhaustion and dehydration, and as a result a higher mortality rate (Verutes et al, 2014).

They are also at a higher risk of predation which include dogs and birds of prey, etc.

(Francis, 2015)

Different stakeholders involved:

  • Beach resort managers
  • Engineers/Developers
  • Light manufacturers
  • Light pollution management
  • Local community
  • Businesses (e.g. bars and restaurants)
  • Conservation NGO's
  • Tourists

Socio-economic

What is light pollution?

Flatback (Natator depressus)

Leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea)

(Perrine, 2013)

Light pollution refers to artificial lighting that disrupts and alters the nocturnal environment (Lyytimaki, 2015).

Hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata)

(Nguyen, 2015)

(Urteaga, 2010)

Loggerhead (Caretta caretta)

Sea turtles

Kemp's Ridley (Lepidochelys kempii)

(BiologyPop, 2013)

There are several types:

  • Glare
  • Light trespass
  • Skyglow
  • Over-illumination
  • Light Clutter

(Patterson, 2010)

Green (Chelonia mydas)

Olive Ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea)

(D'Alessandro, 2011)

However, skyglow and light clutter are the two main types that affect nocturnal animals (Kamrowski, 2012).

(NatGeo, 2015)

The effects of light pollution on sea turtles

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