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According to the APA, psychologists have two main responsibilities in criminal and war-related interrogations: they must protect the health and welfare of the suspect, but also act to protect the safety of society at large.
The APA Ethics Committee was created to "maintain ethical conduct by psychologists at the highest professional level, to educate psychologists concerning ethical standards, to endeavor to protect the public against harmful conduct by psychologists, and to aid the Association in achieving its objectives as reflected in its Bylaws."
Much debate has been happening in recent years regarding the appropriateness of psychologist participation in interrogation.
Most are there for the purpose of providing insight and making sure no psychological boundaries are crossed, but some psychologists have been accused of overstepping those boundaries and using their expertise to exploit the subject.
Modern interrogation resorts to isolation, exposure, prolonged constraint, and sleep and food deprivation.
Most experts argue that psychologists do play a vital role in interrogations, and their presence is necessary overall.
Psychology is very intertwined with the military and combat; we know from class that many soldiers and war victims deal with severe psychological problems related to their experiences with war.
Psychologists are also very involved with the psychology of those who participate in war and other crimes.
King went to Gelles after the confession and expressed his concern of not remembering the actions he confessed to. He asked to be hypnotized in an effort to better recall.
[King] told Gelles that he had no memory of the espionage facts but says that the polygraph examinations prove that he must have done something – a clear misconception that neither Gelles nor the agents correct. King asked for hypnosis and truth serum to determine if this is merely a dream. Gelles told him that he might give King hypnosis if King goes back and gives the agents "corroborating" evidence. Gelles told King that he could trust the agents and says that the agents are clearly his friends, he had a "special relationship" with the agents and the agents "will be with you forever." Gelles virtually ignored the statement of King that he had suicidal thoughts when he left Guam – two days before the interview. Instead, Gelles told King to give corroborating evidence as a precondition for the hypnosis that King sought to clear his doubts as to any espionage.
Ethical v. Unethical Behavior Quiz
The interrogators outnumber the suspect to create intimidation and use misleading language in an attempt to catch the suspect off-guard. Is this ethical?
The interrogators tie the suspect up and and try to physically beat a confession out of the suspect. Is this ethical?
After making a false confession, the suspect tells his therapist his concerns and details what he thinks might have been an unethical interrogation. The therapist concludes the interrogation was unethical, but chooses to do nothing about it. Is this ethical?
Real Life Scenario:
Your client comes in for a session and admits that he murdered his wife last night.
What is the ethically correct thing to do?
A: Sit there and listen. Do not say anything to anyone.
B: Run and hide- your client is a murderer!
C: Call the cops immediately.
Daniel King was charged with espionage in October 1999. He was held for 520 days with no formal charges being made.
"That’s when I started getting interrogated for 17 to 19 hour [sic] at a time," he says. "When we’d get done, I’d go back to the safe house and go into a room. I’d have to leave the door open, the lights would be on, they’d blare the TV, the phone would keep ringing all the time. Even when I went to the bathroom, I had to leave the door open."
After intense interrogation, King confessed to the espionage charges. However, almost immediately after confessing he recanted his confession numerous times, arguing his unethical interrogation forced a confession out of him.
Real Life Scenario:
You receive a phone call at 11:00pm on a Friday night from a client who claims they are standing on top of a bridge and about to jump.
What is the ethically correct thing to do?
A: Call the cops immediately.
B: Try to set up an appointment with your client for next week.
C: Go out to the bridge and find your client.
1. Resolving Ethical Issues
2. Competence
3. Human Relations
4. Privacy and Confidentiality
5. Advertising and Other
Public Statements
6. Record Keeping and Fees
7. Education and Training
8. Research and Publication
9. Assessment
10. Therapy
Real Life Scenario:
Your client comes in for a session and admits that her husband is abusing their children.
What is the ethically correct thing to do?
A: Nothing- it's confidential
B: Act according to the client's wishes
C: Contact CPS regardless of the client's wishes
1). Protecting the suspect comes from the "Do no Harm" principle.
2). Aiding in the protection of society stems from the "Do no Harm" principle in regards to harm to society as a whole.
There must be absolute separation between the role of a caregiver and a consult. The psychologist involved in an interrogation is meant to be a caregiver. However, a psychologist can provide "hints" about the suspect in an attempt to aid the interrogation to protect society at large.
Psychologists must report any behavior in an interrogation that is deemed unethical.
Psychologists should observe interrogations to ensure that no "behavioral drift" has occurred.
Real Life Scenario:
An 18 year old woman comes to you for therapy. A week later her parents leave a voice mail asking why their daughter is seeing you.
What is the ethically correct thing to do?
A: Call the parents back and explain that what is discussed during your sessions is confidential
B: Ignore the message
C: Ask your client if it's okay to talk with her parents
3.01 Unfair Discrimination
3.02 Sexual Harassment
3.03 Other Harassment
3.04 Avoiding Harm
3.05 Multiple Relationships
3.06 Conflict of Interest
3.07 Third-Party Requests for Services
3.08 Exploitative Relationships
3.09 Cooperation with Other Professionals
3.10 Informed Consent
3.11 Psychological Services Delivered to or Through Organizations
3.12 Interruption of Psychological Services
4.01 Maintaining Confidentiality
4.02 Discussing the Limits of Confidentiality
4.03 Recording
4.04 Minimizing Intrusions on Privacy
4.05 Disclosures
4.06 Consultations
4.07 Use of Confidential Information for Didactic or Other Purposes
3.10 Informed Consent
3.02 Sexual Harassment
3.05 Multiple Relationships
"Right to Effective Treatment"
http://www.polleverywhere.com/multiple_choice_polls/NbTgXpP6Vxnk4g4
3.02 Sexual Harassment
3.03 Other Harassment
3.04 Avoiding Harm
serious danger of violence to another, he incurs an obligation to use reasonable care to protect the intended victim against such danger.”
4.01 Maintaining Confidentiality
4.05 Disclosures
^
"Duty to Warn"
mor·al: adjective \ˈmȯr-əl, ˈmär-\
: concerning or relating to what is right and wrong in human behavior
: based on what you think is right and good
: considered right and good by most people
: agreeing with a standard of right behavior
10.05 Psychologists do not engage in sexual intimacies with current therapy clients/patients.
10.06 Psychologists do not engage in sexual intimacies with individuals they know to be close relatives, guardians, or significant others of current clients/patients. Psychologists do not terminate therapy to circumvent this standard.
10.07 Psychologists do not accept as therapy clients/patients persons with whom they have engaged in sexual intimacies.
10.08 (a) Psychologists do not engage in sexual intimacies with former clients/patients for at least two years after cessation or termination of therapy.
"I don't think it's right to have sex with a client or coworker."
eth·ic: noun \ˈe-thik\
: rules of behavior based on ideas about what is morally good and bad
What about practicing in multiple states?
Gray Areas:
Other things that can get you in trouble:
Board of Psychology from a Psychologist's Perspective
Minor Infractions
vs.
Major Infractions
(Via a Psychologist)