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Aboriginal Ways of Knowing

By: Chenie Palawar

Shamans have the ability to communicate with the spirit world and heal the soul by reintroducing it to the body (Smith, 2011).

Healing is achieved through the help of a Shaman or a "witch doctor".

Illness can be due to the loss of the soul or the intervention of the spirit world (Smith, 2011).

References

My family is 5

Astle, B. J. & Barton, S., (2010). Culture and Ethnicity. In J. C. Ross-Kerr & M. J. Wood, Canadian fundamentals of nursing (Rev. 4th ed.) (pp. 127-130). Toronto, ON: Mosby.

Cameron, B. L., Plazas, M. C., Salas, A. S., Bearskin, R. B., & Hungler, K. (2014). Understanding Inequalities in Access to Health Care Services for Aboriginal People. Advances In Nursing Science, 37(3), E1-e16. doi:10.1097/ANS.0000000000000039

Cobiness, E. (1978). My family is 5 [Online image]. Retrieved February 18, 2015 from http://bearclawgallery.com/artists/eddy-cobiness/

Health Canada. (2014). First Nations and Inuit Health. Retrieved from: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fniah-spnia/diseases-maladies/index-eng.php

Kuutsiq, M. (n.d). Inuit life [Online image]. Retrieved from: http://inuit.com/products/h051128

Smith, D.G. (2011). Religion of Aboriginal People. Retrieved from: http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/religion-of-aboriginal-people/

Shaman's charm [Online image]. (2007). Retrieved February 16, 2015 from http://firstpeoplesofcanada.com/fp_groups/fp_nwc5.html

Shaman's necklace [Online image]. (2007). Retrieved February 16, 2015 from http://firstpeoplesofcanada.com/fp_groups/fp_nwc5.html

Shaman's rattle [Online image]. (2007). Retrieved February 16, 2015 from http://firstpeoplesofcanada.com/fp_groups/fp_nwc5.html

Statistics Canada. (2013). The Daily — Study: Select health indicators of First Nations people living off reserve, Métis and Inuit, 2007 to 2010. Retrieved from: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/130129/dq130129b-eng.htm

Tsimshian Shaman curing boy [Online image]. (2007). Retrieved February 16, 2015 from http://firstpeoplesofcanada.com/fp_groups/fp_nwc5.html

Qimirpik, P. (2014). Family going home [Online image]. Retrieved from: http://inuit.com/products/cd131014

Whitehead, J. (1996). Untitled [Online image]. Retrieved Februrary 18, 2015 from http://www.jerrywhitehead.com/jerry-whitehead-paintings/jerry-whitehead-past-work-1165.php#photo

Wright, S., Nebelkopf, E., King, J., Maas, M., Patel, C., & Samuel, S. (2011). Holistic System of Care: Evidence of Effectiveness. Substance Use & Misuse, 46(11), 1420-1430.

Tsimshian Shaman curing boy

Traditional health and healing practice

(First peoples of Canada, 2007)

Tuberculosis

Shaman's necklace, rattle, and charm

8 to 10 times higher than the rates of the general population (Statistics Canada, 2013)

HIV and AIDS

Smoking

2 times higher than non-Aboriginal population (Statistics Canada, 2013)

38% of Aboriginal clients use intravenous drugs while only 7% of non-Aboriginal clients are users (Astle & Barton, 2010)

(First peoples of Canada, 2007).

Type II Diabetes

(Cobiness, 1978).

3 to 5 times higher, according to location, than non-Aboriginal communities (Health Canada, 2014)

Suicide

(First peoples of Canada, 2007).

Aboriginal youth commit suicide 5 to 6 times more than non-Aboriginal youth (Astle & Barton, 2010)

(First peoples of Canada, 2007).

"Access to Healthcare"

Heart Disease

1.5 times higher than the general population (Health Canada, 2014)

More likely to suffer from chronic illness resembling low-income countries

An important social determinant of health

Not just about obtaining health services but also about how healthcare is delivered

The Issue or Concern

Language barrier

Most live in remote communities and need to travel to urban areas access health services

Is healthcare easily accessible to Aboriginal people?

Limited access due to location

Barriers to Healthcare Access

Aboriginal people are a vulnerable population

They have lower socioeconomic status and they live in poverty with poor housing conditions as a result from colonization

Family and community are important for Aboriginal people

Low-income status

(Whitehead, 1996)

due to the amount of health inequalities they have compared to non-Aboriginal people

(Qimirpik, 2014)

Aboriginal people are socially, economically, and politically marginalized from mainstream society (Astle & Barton, 2010)

(Kuutsiq, n.d)

Long wait times

Holistic Care

Creating change

Increase awareness to social injustice

The delivery of care that focuses on the interconnection of the body, mind, emotion, spirit, social, cultural, relationships, and environment.

It sees the person as a whole and honors and encourages the integration of the traditional and cultural beliefs of Aboriginal people into their health and recovery (Wright, Nebelkopf, King, Maas, Patel & Samuel, 2011)

Fear of judgement and discrimination

Develop cultural safety workshops that allow others and oneself to act with sensitivity and competence towards other cultures

"It takes a healthy village to raise a healthy child"

Increase the number of Aboriginal healthcare workers

Holistic care for Aboriginal people requires the family and the community to work together to achieve balance of the body, mind, emotion, and spirit (Cameron, Plazas, Salas, Bearskin & Hungler, 2014).

to ensure the sustainability of culturally safe environments (Cameron, Plazas, Salas, Bearskin & Hungler, 2014)

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