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Franklin v. Gwinnett County Public Schools
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Works Cited
Cullers, Michael. “The Availability of Title IX Damages for Employees After Franklin v. Gwinnett County Public Schools.” Case Western Reserve Law Review 45 (July 1, 1995): 1325.
Essex, Nathan L. “School Official’s Liability Limited in Teacher-Student Harassment Case.” American Secondary Education 27, no. 2 (Winter 1998): 23–27.
Franklin v. Gwinnett County Public Schools, (U.S. Supreme Court 1992).
Galles, Kristen M. “Filling the Gaps: Women, Civil Rights, and Title IX.” Human Rights 31, no. 3 (Summer 2004): 16–18.
“Gebser v. Lago Vista Independent School District.” Oyez: IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law. Accessed April 26, 2016. https://www.oyez.org/cases/1997/96-1866.
Marczely, Bernadette. “Mixed Messages: Sexual Harassment in the Public Schools.” The Clearing House 72, no. 5 (1999): 315–18.
Russo, Charles J., ed. Encyclopedia of Education Law. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. Accessed March 25, 2016. http://0-eds.a.ebscohost.com.wncln.wncln.org/eds/ebookviewer/ebook/bmxlYmtfXzQ3NDI4Ml9fQU41?sid=ecdf7bd4-5487-4d0c-b2c5-559173501638@sessionmgr4005&vid=4&format=EB&rid=3.
“Title IX, Education Amendments of 1972.” United States Department of Labor. Accessed March 25, 2016. http://www.dol.gov/oasam/regs/statutes/titleix.htm.
“Title IX in Detail | Know Your IX.” Know Your IX: Empowering Students to Stop Sexual Violence. Accessed April 26, 2016. http://knowyourix.org/title-ix/title-ix-in-detail/.
“Title IX: The Basics | Know Your IX.” Know Your IX: Empowering Students to Stop Sexual Violence. Accessed March 25, 2016. http://knowyourix.org/title-ix/title-ix-the-basics/.
“TitleIX.info - History Overview.” Title IX. Accessed March 25, 2016. http://www.titleix.info/History/History-Overview.aspx.
Vargyas, Ellen J. “Franklin v. Gwinnett County Public Schools and Its Impact on Title IX Enforcement.” Journal of College and University Law 19, no. 4 (1993): 373.
Impact of the Decision
- First case where Supreme Court upheld an award of monetary damages under Title IX
- Made people more aware of Title IX and what students' rights were in regards to it
- Expanded the reach of Title IX beyond the workplace
- Encouraged school systems to establish explicit sexual harassment policies
Court Response
- U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Georgia and the Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit both decided monetary damages were inaccessible under Title IX.
- U.S. Supreme Court, however, decided that a student who brought action against a school district in a Title IX suit claiming intentional sex discrimination by a teacher/coach could seek monetary damages
Background Information
- Christine Franklin
- Andrew Hill (teacher/coach)
- North Gwinnett High School