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Dark Matter

  • Scientists are not quite sure, but they are certain about the fact that it is stuff that makes it possible for galaxies to exist.

  • Theory comes from when scientists had tried to calculate how the Universe could exist.

  • Normal matter is not strong enough to form galaxies, planets, etc.

  • It isn’t clouds of normal matter without stars because it would then emit particles that we could detect.

  • It is not anti-matter because anti-matter produces unique gamma rays with normal matter.

3 key things:

1) It is something

2) It interacts with gravity

3) There’s a lot of it

Dark Energy

  • Form of energy that cannot be detected, measured or tasted.

  • Discovered by Edward Hubble in 1929

  • We know even less about dark energy than dark matter but what we do know is that it is continuously expanding and that it may be some sort of gravity counteractant.

ENERGY DISTRIBUTION

IN THE UNIVERSE

Dark Matter

What you're

and Dark Energy

What factors are involved?

gonna learn about...

  • Geometry of the universe
  • Amount of dark energy present
  • equation of state
  • Less than 5% of the Universe is

made up of matter that we recognize

(ie. plants, rocks, clothing, ourselves)

  • That dark matter makes up

approx. 25% of our Universe

and dark energy makes up about 75%.

  • Both are INVISIBLE.
  • the expanding universe
  • dark matter and dark energy
  • the big rip
  • the big freeze/heat death
  • the big crunch
  • other possible theories

The Big Rip

now what?

Conclusion - we might never know the ultimate fate of our universe, and we certainly won't be around to see it.

  • there's still a lot to learn
  • research could lead to new theories

-theory that is based off the idea that the Universe is constantly expanding and that most massive objects are moving away from us.

- Supernova Survey measured the distances between Supernovas to calculate the Universe’s expansion rate.

-surprising conclusion. Original prediction was that the Universe was expanding, but slowing down. Concluded was that the Universe is expanding but accelerating as it does so.

-The force that is forcing it to expand is called dark energy.

-The big rip theory states that if dark energy expands all things that make up our Universe will be ripped apart.

- if dark energy begins to increase in force it will overcome everything.

-Result of the Big Rip would be a void which would containing many random, non-interacting subatomic particles.

Ultimate fate of

What do you think?

the universe

An Investigation by

Nika, Dafne, and Macy

BIG Bounce

Big Bang

Big Bounce

Other Theories

Big Freeze/Heat Death

  • assumes that the big bang was a result from the collapse of another universe
  • a repetitive cycle between the big crunch and the big bang
  • repeats every one trillion years

Big Freeze

Big Bounce

Entropy

Temperature

(cº)

Time (years)

time (years)

Big Slurp

Big Slurp

  • Most accepted theory
  • Based on an open universe
  • As the universe expands, stars inevitably lose their hydrogen and helium, creating empty space
  • Due to the new-found space in between objects in our universe (also known as entropy), the temperature in our galaxy reaches 0ºC, stopping all motion of time
  • The heat in our system would be distributed evenly, allowing no room for usable energy/heat.
  • This event is predicted to happen 100 trillion years from now.

the big Crunch

Big Slurp

  • a bubble formed from quantum fluctuations from an alternate universe with lower energy state than ours might with our universe

Think Agar.io!

  • this bubble would expand and destroy our universe at the speed of light

You are here!

Big

Bang

Big

Crunch

Max expansion

Sources

https://www.space.com/34928-the-universe-is-flat-now-what.html

https://www.space.com/24309-shape-of-the-universe.html

https://www.physicsoftheuniverse.com/topics_bigbang_bigcrunch.html

https://wmap.gsfc.nasa.gov/universe/bb_concepts.html

Thanks for paying attention!

the universe

OPEN UNIVERSE

POSITIVELY CURVED

At less than critical density (may lead to the Big Rip or the Big Freeze)

density > critical density

radius of the Universe

FLAT UNIVERSE

NO CURVATURE

At critical density (expanding, but slowing over time)

density = critical density

CLOSED UNIVERSE

NOW

NEGATIVELY CHARGED

Density above critical level (expands then contracts, may lead to the Big Crunch)

density < critical density

=universe

time since the Big Bang

PAST

PRESENT

FUTURE

DARK

ENERGY

DARK MATTER

NORMAL

MATTER

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