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Conclusion

References

  • Adolescents and young adults use social media during a time when they are still beginning to find themselves.
  • Adolescents and young adults are looking for emotional support and to belong in the eyes of their peers.

  • They may begin to use social media in order to promote a "social self" to the world in order to have others perceive them in a positive way.

  • Adolescents may use social media as a way to reach out when they feel they need help and have nowhere else to turn.

  • Using social media may lead to poor body image, anxieties such as FoMO, and depression.

  • Clinicians can utilize mindfulness and social media in order to reach out to adolescents and young adults in therapy.

Baker, Z. G., Krieger, H., & LeRoy, A. S. (2016). Fear of missing out: Relationships with depression, mindfulness, and physical symptoms. Translational Issues

In Psychological Science, 2(3), 275-282. doi:10.1037/tps0000075

Bornstein, M. H. & Lamb, M. E. (eds.). (2015). Developmental Science: An Advanced Textbook (7th ed.). New York, NY: Psychology Press.

Cavazos-Rehg, P. A., Krauss, M. J., Sowles, S. J., Connolly, S., Rosas, C., Bharadwaj, M., & ... Bierut, L. J. (2017). An analysis of depression, self-harm, and

suicidal ideation content on Tumblr. Crisis: The Journal Of Crisis Intervention And Suicide Prevention, 38(1), 44-52. doi:10.1027/0227-5910/a000409

de Vries, D. A., Peter, J., Graaf, H., & Nikken, P. (2016). Adolescents’ social network site use, peer appearance-related feedback, and body dissatisfaction:

Testing a mediation model. Journal Of Youth And Adolescence, 45(1), 211-224. doi:10.1007/s10964-015-0266-4

Ehrenreich, S. E., & Underwood, M. K. (2016). Adolescents’ internalizing symptoms as predictors of the content of their Facebook communication and

responses received from peers. Translational Issues In Psychological Science, 2(3), 227-237. doi:10.1037/tps0000077

Lee-Won, R. J., Herzog, L., & Park, S. G. (2015). Hooked on Facebook: The role of social anxiety and need for social assurance in problematic use of

Facebook. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, And Social Networking, 18(10), 567-574. doi:10.1089/cyber.2015.0002

McCloskey, W., Iwanicki, S., Lauterbach, D., Giammittorio, D. M., & Maxwell, K. (2015). Are Facebook 'friends' helpful? Development of a Facebook- based

measure of social support and examination of relationships among depression, quality of life, and social support. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, And Social

Networking, 18(9), 499-505. doi:10.1089/cyber.2014.0538

Oberst, U., Wegmann, E., Stodt, B., Brand, M., & Chamarro, A. (2017). Negative consequences from heavy social networking in adolescents: The mediating

role of fear of missing out. Journal Of Adolescence, 5551-60. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.12.008

Sampasa-Kanyinga, H., & Lewis, R. F. (2015). Frequent use of social networking sites is associated with poor psychological functioning among children and

adolescents. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, And Social Networking, 18(7), 380-385. doi:10.1089/cyber.2015.0055

Tao, K. W. (2014). Too close and too far: Counseling emerging adults in a technological age. Psychotherapy, 51(1), 123-127. doi:10.1037/a0033393

Psychological Effects & Support Seeking

Are Facebook "friends" helpful?

Dissatisfaction with One's Self

Mental Health Issues & Seeking Support

  • de Vries, Peter, de Graad, & Nikken (2016)

  • Adolescents want to present themselves to others on social media in a positive way.
  • Social norms of what is "attractive" are often portrayed on social media, and users seek approval from "friends."
  • Previous studies have shown that poor body image is often associated with parental responses and media.

  • Two-wave 18 month study looking at 604 Dutch adolescents, ages 11-18.

  • Those who use social media more frequently are more likely to experience body dissatisfaction.
  • Is there a causal relationships? Are boys as affected as girls?

  • Previous studies have found that peer feedback on social media networks has been related to body dissatisfaction as well, but was not supported by this study
  • McCloskey et al. (2015).

  • 633 students from midwestern university, age 18+ with median age of 23. 91% had a Facebook account.
  • Completed Inventory of Socially Supportive Behaviors (ISSB) & Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) to determine supports.
  • Completed Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) to assess depression.
  • Completed WHOQOL-BREF to assess quality of life (QOL).
  • Facebook Measure of Social Support (FMSS) used to examine the level of support on Facebook.

  • Negative Support positively correlated to amount of depressive symptoms but negatively correlated with QOL.
  • Social support is also related to higher levels of depression.
  • Young adults report that social support is helpful, but it may not have an effect on lowering levels of depression.
  • Perhaps support outside of social media networks may be necessary and beneficial.

  • More research should be conducted, as this study is not necessarily universal.
  • Sampasa-Kanyinga & Lewis (2015)

  • 753 students, 7-12th grade, Ontario Student Drug Use and Health Survey.
  • Self report.

  • 16.9% of adolescents rated their mental health as poor, 26.4% felt their mental health needs were not met, 23.4% psychological distress, and 12.5% with suicidal ideation.
  • Those who reported psychological distress were more likely to use social media than their peers who did not.
  • More likely to use social media for more than two hours a day.
  • Potentially seeking support and friendship, due to the stigma associated with mental illness.

  • Studies conducted in college settings did not show similar findings.

Mental Health Issues & Seeking Support

Depression and Tumblr

  • Ehrenreich & Underwood (2016).

  • Self-report assessments, 125 18-year-olds who were part of another longitudinal study.
  • Child Behavior Checklist-Youth Self Report.
  • Coded Facebook communication.
  • Examined positive & negative affect, somatic complaints, support seeking & offering, and amount of comments.

  • Internalizing symptoms of depression, anxiety, and loneliness may be related to Facebook use, with male vs. female differences
  • Females were more likely to post about their negative feelings and actively seek online support.
  • More symptoms were associated with more with negative posting and support offering.
  • "Likes" seen as reinforcement for Facebook postings.
  • Males' symptoms were not related to Facebook postings.
  • More negative affect.
  • Cavazos-Rehg et al. (2017).

  • Tumblr has a high rate of posts related to depression, poor self-esteem, and suicidal ideation.

  • Researchers search Tumblr with keywords "depression," "suicide," "self-mutilation," and "cutting."

  • 3,360 posts were explored from 17 accounts, with a possible age range of 14 to 20 years old. Little demographic information was portrayed on the websites, potentially due to content.

  • Common themes were self-loathing, loneliness/feeling un-loved, and self-harm and/or scars from self-harm.

  • Other users provided emotional support and comfort. However, only 13% offered advice to seek counseling

  • May be using the site in order to reach out and form friendship online.

Normative Development

Anxieties Related to Social Media Use

  • Bornstein & Lamb (2015).
  • Environment can have a major impact on personality development.

  • "The Social Self:" How social interactions and relationships impact development, starting around age 2.

  • Adolescence becomes the time when people begin to "find themselves" and recognize how they are perceived by themselves and others.

  • Want to belong and be perceived positively by their peers.

  • Friendships and peer relationships are essential, and may provide strong emotional support.

"FoMO"

"Likes" Anxiety on Social Media

  • Oberst et al. (2017)

  • 1468 16-18 year olds completed four questionnaires on social media use and FoMO.

  • Looking into a correlation between depression, anxiety, and social media use. Hypothesized that more social media use would predict more FoMO and negative feelings.

  • FoMO is a strong predictor of depressive symptoms and negative mobile social media use.
  • FoMO and negative consequences were strongly related with more intense social media use.
  • In males, depression was not related to more psychological issues.
  • Girls' social media use may be precipitated by depressive symptoms.

Social Anxiety

"FoMO"

  • Study by Lee-Won, Herzog, & Park (2015).

  • Is social anxiety linked to social media use and the need for reassurance?

  • Today's adolescents and young adults are looking to portray a certain self to those online.

  • Online survey at a college, with 243 participants, primarily female.

  • Social anxiety was found to be strongly correlated with problematic Facebook use in those who had a strong need for social assurance (NSA).
  • Seek friendships that meet one's needs.
  • However, young adults without NSA and with social anxiety did not seek companionship via social media as frequently.

  • College students may be looking to "belong" and find valuable friendships online.

  • Should be encouraged to be mindful of Facebook use.
  • Baker, Krieger, & LeRoy (2016).

  • AKA, "Fear of Missing Out."
  • Present among different cultures: known as "kiasu" in China
  • Very little research on FoMO & social media use.

  • Youth may turn to social media more often in order to avoid feeling as though they are missing out on interactions and feelings of rejection or exclusion.

  • Can lead to health and psychological issues.
  • May feel "social pain" and other somatic symptoms.
  • Lead to symptoms of depression.
  • The more time spent on social media, the greater the risk of depressive symptoms.
  • May feel they are missing out on important connections and relationships.

  • Online study examining depression, mindfulness, and physical symptoms.
  • 350 participants ages 18+ recruited from a university
  • Study found that FoMO is related to above symptoms and is associated with social media use.

Clinical Application

  • Adolescents may be looking for help via social media, which may be a good tool for mental health workers to utilize to reach out (Sampasa-Kanyinga & Lewis, 2015).

  • Focus on mindfulness (Sampasa-Kanyinga, & Lewis, 2015; Baker, Krieger, & LeRoy, 2016).

  • According to Tao (2014)
  • Ask how often clients use the internet vs. spend time with friends in person.

  • Inquiring where they find the most connections & helpful relationships.

  • Enhance interpersonal skills, focus on self-awareness of emotions, & understand the idea of "social identity."

Social Media

  • Popularity of Social Media Networks has rapidly increased over the last few years.

  • Defined as "Web-based platforms that allow individuals to create their own personal profile and build a network of connections with other users."

  • 1.23 billion Facebook users, with 757 million using the site daily
  • Mobile use becoming increasingly more popular.
  • Some older adolescents use social media for more than 2 hours per day (Sampasa-Kanyinga & Lewis, 2015).

  • Many adolescents and young adults may use social media as a way to reach out to form relationships, and while it may be a good tool for clinicians to use, social media use can stem from or lead to psychological issues during a critical stage of development which should be monitored and addressed when necessary.

How does social media impact the development of identity in adolescence

and young adulthood?

by Catherine Zanella-Litke

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