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Transcript

Why?

The bilingual brain activates certain areas differently

Pure block

Mixed Blocks

www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v8/n6/extref/nn1463-S1.jpg

Cue: shape

Pure block

"Z" for corner shape

"M" for round shape

Cue: colour

Cues:

  • solid border = attend to colour
  • dashed border = attend to shape

"Z" for gray scale

"M" for rainbow scale

Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)

  • detects and monitors conflict

Inferior frontal gyrus (left IFG)

  • inhibitory control

Left striatum: caudate nucleus (LCN)

  • supervises language selection
  • automatic vs. controlled language switch

http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00247/full

Repeat trials

Switch trials

Cue: dashed border = attend to shape

"m" = round shape

"z" = corner shape

Cues:

  • solid border = attend to colour
  • dashed border = attend to shape

"z" for rainbow scale OR corner shape

"m" for gray scale OR round shape

Results

Rodríguez-Pujadas, A., Sanjuán, A., Ventura-Campos,N., Román, P., Martin, C., Barceló, F., Costa, A. and  Ávila, C. (2013). Bilinguals Use Language-Control Brain Areas More Than Monolinguals to Perform Non-Linguistic Switching Tasks.

Hosoda, C. et al. (2012). "Neural mechanisms of language switch"

Task Switching Paradigm

Measures of executive control:

Most Literature:

  • Bilinguals show reduced switching cost than monolinguals

Some literature:

  • Bilinguals show reduced mixing cost
  • Show no differences

How?

Brain areas for certain processes

Switching costs:

  • difference in reaction time (RT) between repeat trials vs. switch trials

Present Research Question

1. Updating working memory (WM)

2. Inhibiting noises and interferences

3. Shifting between information and tasks

Mixing costs:

Why/How is there a significant effect on a person’s behaviour in attention shifting tasks for bilingual persons more than monolingual persons?

  • Why?
  • How?
  • difference in RT between pure trials vs. repeat trials

Why?

Underlying mechanisms

Cognitive Control Processes

Cross-talking

  • Recruits similar executive control mechanisms

WAIT...

  • Dependent on task difficulty

"Why do bilinguals do it better?"

How can non-linguistic tasks be applied to language switching tasks?

https://gissvberkeley.wordpress.com/2012/09/10/the-bilingual-brain/

reaction time + accuracy

L1 to L2

Monolinguals

ACC

LCN

Conflict monitoring

Language shifting

  • Recruits controlled processes
  • Lesion data on its role
  • Greater activity in bilinguals

http://www.yorku.ca/ncepeda/publications/WVB2014.pdf

  • Top-down processing
  • Detects and resolves conflicting information
  • Less activity in bilinguals
  • Abutalebi, J., Della Rosa, P.A., Ding, G., Weekes, B., Costa, A., Green, D.W. (2012). Language proficiency modulates the engagement of cognitive control areas in multilinguals.
  • Garbin, G., Costa, A., Sanjuan, A., Forn, C., Rodriguez-Pujadas, A., Ventura, N., Belloch, V., Hernandez, M., Ávila, C. (2011). Neural bases of language switching in high and early proficient bilinguals.
  • Hosoda, C., Hanakawa, T., Nariai, T., Ohno, K., Honda, M. (2011). Neural mechanisms of language switch.
  • Rodríguez-Pujadas, A., Sanjuán, A., Ventura-Campos,N., Román, P., Martin, C., Barceló, F., Costa, A. and  Ávila, C. (2013). Bilinguals Use Language-Control Brain Areas More Than Monolinguals to Perform Non-Linguistic Switching Tasks.
  • Zou, L., Ding, G., Abutalebi, J., Shu, H. and Peng, D. (2011). Structural plasticity of the left caudate in bimodal bilinguals.

  • Abutalebi J, Della Rosa PA, Green DW, Hernandez M, Scifo P, Keim R, et al. (2012). Bilingualism tunes the anterior cingulate cortex for conflict monitoring.

Bilinguals

IFG

Inhibitory controls

  • Suppress non-target information
  • Updates to target information
  • Greater activity in bilinguals
  • Hosoda, C., Hanakawa, T., Nariai, T., Ohno, K., Honda, M. (2011). Neural mechanisms of language switch.

Conclusion

Bilinguals are different why/how?

Introduction

What is bilingual language control (BLC)?

  • keeping two languages apart
  • development of executive control (EC)

Significance

https://roughlytranslated.wordpress.com/2012/03/28/mapping-the-bilingual-brain/

  • Respond faster and with accuracy in switching tasks
  • Activate certain brain areas differently than monolinguals
  • Use more cognitive resources and control when processing information

Who Cares?

S'il vous plaît

Outline

Pay Attention

Considerations

Questions

  • Education Psychology
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Industrial psychology

Attention Tasks

Stroop Test

1. Review of assigned literature

  • Operational definitions
  • Results

2. Present research question

3. Evidence

4. Significance and Considerations

5. Conclusion

6. Discussion

7. Questions*

http://www.ghefley.com/2015/05/the-stroop-effect.html

Flanker Test

http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnhum.2012.00090/full

  • Early bilinguals vs. Late bilinguals
  • Language proficiency (Semilingualism)
  • Frequency of language use

1. What are some other advantages and disadvantages?

2. Should bilingual education be offered earlier than it currently is? Why or why not.

3. When should we start learning a second language? Infancy vs. childhood

4. How do you think the results will be different when factoring in proficiency or frequency?

5. In what other tasks would bilingualism be advantageous based on attention control?

Discussion

Cognitive Control Differences in Bilinguals

Independent Research Project

By: Michelle Luk

Brain differences

Certain processes

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