Why?
The bilingual brain activates certain areas differently
Pure block
Mixed Blocks
www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v8/n6/extref/nn1463-S1.jpg
Pure block
"Z" for corner shape
"M" for round shape
Cues:
- solid border = attend to colour
- dashed border = attend to shape
"Z" for gray scale
"M" for rainbow scale
Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)
- detects and monitors conflict
Inferior frontal gyrus (left IFG)
Left striatum: caudate nucleus (LCN)
- supervises language selection
- automatic vs. controlled language switch
http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00247/full
Repeat trials
Switch trials
Cue: dashed border = attend to shape
Cues:
- solid border = attend to colour
- dashed border = attend to shape
"z" for rainbow scale OR corner shape
"m" for gray scale OR round shape
Results
Rodríguez-Pujadas, A., Sanjuán, A., Ventura-Campos,N., Román, P., Martin, C., Barceló, F., Costa, A. and Ávila, C. (2013). Bilinguals Use Language-Control Brain Areas More Than Monolinguals to Perform Non-Linguistic Switching Tasks.
Hosoda, C. et al. (2012). "Neural mechanisms of language switch"
Task Switching Paradigm
Measures of executive control:
Most Literature:
- Bilinguals show reduced switching cost than monolinguals
Some literature:
- Bilinguals show reduced mixing cost
- Show no differences
Brain areas for certain processes
Switching costs:
- difference in reaction time (RT) between repeat trials vs. switch trials
Present Research Question
1. Updating working memory (WM)
2. Inhibiting noises and interferences
3. Shifting between information and tasks
Mixing costs:
Why/How is there a significant effect on a person’s behaviour in attention shifting tasks for bilingual persons more than monolingual persons?
- difference in RT between pure trials vs. repeat trials
Why?
Cognitive Control Processes
- Recruits similar executive control mechanisms
WAIT...
- Dependent on task difficulty
"Why do bilinguals do it better?"
How can non-linguistic tasks be applied to language switching tasks?
https://gissvberkeley.wordpress.com/2012/09/10/the-bilingual-brain/
reaction time + accuracy
ACC
LCN
Conflict monitoring
Language shifting
- Recruits controlled processes
- Lesion data on its role
- Greater activity in bilinguals
http://www.yorku.ca/ncepeda/publications/WVB2014.pdf
- Top-down processing
- Detects and resolves conflicting information
- Less activity in bilinguals
- Abutalebi, J., Della Rosa, P.A., Ding, G., Weekes, B., Costa, A., Green, D.W. (2012). Language proficiency modulates the engagement of cognitive control areas in multilinguals.
- Garbin, G., Costa, A., Sanjuan, A., Forn, C., Rodriguez-Pujadas, A., Ventura, N., Belloch, V., Hernandez, M., Ávila, C. (2011). Neural bases of language switching in high and early proficient bilinguals.
- Hosoda, C., Hanakawa, T., Nariai, T., Ohno, K., Honda, M. (2011). Neural mechanisms of language switch.
- Rodríguez-Pujadas, A., Sanjuán, A., Ventura-Campos,N., Román, P., Martin, C., Barceló, F., Costa, A. and Ávila, C. (2013). Bilinguals Use Language-Control Brain Areas More Than Monolinguals to Perform Non-Linguistic Switching Tasks.
- Zou, L., Ding, G., Abutalebi, J., Shu, H. and Peng, D. (2011). Structural plasticity of the left caudate in bimodal bilinguals.
- Abutalebi J, Della Rosa PA, Green DW, Hernandez M, Scifo P, Keim R, et al. (2012). Bilingualism tunes the anterior cingulate cortex for conflict monitoring.
IFG
Inhibitory controls
- Suppress non-target information
- Updates to target information
- Greater activity in bilinguals
- Hosoda, C., Hanakawa, T., Nariai, T., Ohno, K., Honda, M. (2011). Neural mechanisms of language switch.
Conclusion
Bilinguals are different why/how?
Introduction
What is bilingual language control (BLC)?
- keeping two languages apart
- development of executive control (EC)
Significance
https://roughlytranslated.wordpress.com/2012/03/28/mapping-the-bilingual-brain/
- Respond faster and with accuracy in switching tasks
- Activate certain brain areas differently than monolinguals
- Use more cognitive resources and control when processing information
Who Cares?
S'il vous plaît
Outline
Pay Attention
Considerations
Questions
- Education Psychology
- Developmental Psychology
- Industrial psychology
Attention Tasks
1. Review of assigned literature
- Operational definitions
- Results
2. Present research question
3. Evidence
4. Significance and Considerations
5. Conclusion
6. Discussion
7. Questions*
http://www.ghefley.com/2015/05/the-stroop-effect.html
Flanker Test
http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnhum.2012.00090/full
- Early bilinguals vs. Late bilinguals
- Language proficiency (Semilingualism)
- Frequency of language use
1. What are some other advantages and disadvantages?
2. Should bilingual education be offered earlier than it currently is? Why or why not.
3. When should we start learning a second language? Infancy vs. childhood
4. How do you think the results will be different when factoring in proficiency or frequency?
5. In what other tasks would bilingualism be advantageous based on attention control?
Discussion
Cognitive Control Differences in Bilinguals
Independent Research Project
By: Michelle Luk