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There was a shift in the way of life of the Arabs during this time, moving from a nomadic lifestyle to more of an urban life.
And so there was more of an indulgence in things such as music and dancing. Poetry was adapted to become more musical and simpler
All these factors in turn, led to love poetry becoming popular
The ghazal was originally only the love prelude in the pre-Islamic qasidah, but became a full blown genre of poetry in this period
There came to exist two schools of ghazal poetry, the Hijazi school and the Udhri school
Despite a small decline in the early years of the Prophet's mission, poetry during this period had a status similar to that of pre-Islam, which was being a reflection of those times.
Also reflecting the changing times, there came to be political poetry. The Umayyad period was a period with a lot of politics involved. There were several poets supporting various parties that had sprung up, such as the Kharijites and Zubayrids.
The three main political poets are Al-Akhtal, Jarir and Al-Farazdaq. Apart from the importance of their political poetry, there was also a phenomenon that took place which is as important. Naqa'id, or the exchange of political invectives, used to happen between the aforementioned three, ranging from attacks on their tribal enemies to personal attacks.
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The Umayyad period was the starting point for many new forms of poetry, among them being:
Muawiyyah's overthrowing of the Caliph Ali, set the stage for the increased politics of the region. As a result of that, many new political parties came up, each supporting a different side. Poets had the opportunity to align themselves with any party, to great personal benefit.
This provided a platform for political poetry to thrive
Image by Tom Mooring