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Christological Controversies Timeline

Council of Ephesus

Council of Nicaea

Council of Nicaea Description

Ecumenical Council

Council of Constantinople

Nestorianism- Nestorius's

theory that Jesus's human

and divine natures weren't fully

united with each other and that Mary

was called "Christokos" meaning

"Mother of Christ". “Nestorianism,

the false teachings of Nestorius (c. 381–c. 451),

the Patriarch of Constantinople, claimed that Jesus

was two separate persons, one human and one divine" (Meehan 377).

Opponent- St. Cyril of

Alexandria= He was a bishop.

He proved Nestorius wrong.

Nestorius's theory didn't flow

with what we know about Jesus

through Scripture and Tradition.

Cyril's theory lead to Hypostatic

Union. He believed Mary was

"Theotokos".

325 AD

-first ecumenical council

-Arianism- "There was a time when the Son was not" (Arius). Arius believed that the Son was created by the Frather. Therefore, the Son wasn't equal to the Father.

“Arianism falsely taught that Jesus was not of the ‘same substance’ as God" (Meehan 376)

Apollinarianism- Apollinaris's theory that Jesus had a human body and a divine soul because the divine soul came down and replaced the human soul. Proponent-Apollinaris is a bishop of Laodicea in Syria. He created Apollinarianism.

"Jesus is fully divine"

It began to create Nicene Creed.

It set an offical date for Easter.

It declared Sunday a holy day.

It set rules for ordination of priesthood and episcopate.

Athanasius wins!

Arianism is a heresy.

A gathering of all Catholic bishops, convened by the Pope and under his authority and guidance.

It means of the inhabited world in Greek. In history, there have been 21 ecumenical councils.

Three councils include the Council of Nicaea, Constantinople, and Ephesus.

Proponent- Nestorius= bishop

of Constantinople. He was the creator of Nestorianism.

Proof for St. Cyril of Alexandria- “The virgin will conceive and give birth to a son, and they will call him Immanuel” (which means “God with us”). (Matthew 1:23)

support for Athanasius- "The Son is the radiance of God’s glory and the exact representation of his being,

sustaining all things by his powerful word. After he had provided purification for sins,

he sat down at the right hand of the Majesty in heaven" (Hebrew 1:3).

Proof that Nazianzus was right- The Word became flesh and made his dwelling among us.

We have seen his glory, the glory of the one and only Son,

who came from the Father, full of grace and truth (John 1:14).

Outcomes

Council of Ephesus

Council of Nicaea

Council of Constantinople

Heresy

Ephesus- "Jesus has two natures"

St. Cyril of Alexandria wins.

Nicaea- "Jesus is

fully divine"

Athanasius wins.

449 AD

"Jesus has two natures"

Jesus is one person.

Nestorianism is a heresy.

His natures are so closely united that Mary can be said to give birth to God.

He proclaimed Mary as "Theotokos" which is Greek and means "God-bearer."

The idea of St. Cyril of Alexandria is supported.

Council of Nicaea

The conscious and deliberate rejection of a dogma (official teaching) of the Church, including Arianism, Apollinarianism, d Nestorianism.

Reasons

1. response to the negative effect of the Arian Heresy

2. restore peace to the Church and Roman Empire

Who attended?

-300 bishops (St. Nicholas)

Proponent- Arius +Egyptian Bishop +priest in Alexandria c. 318 +coined term " There was a time when the Son was not" +turned it into a song for Arian church

+believed Son wasn't equal to Father

381 AD

"Jesus is fully human"

Apollinaris is a heretic.

Affirms Jesus's existence "before all ages."

Affirmed His double-generation.

Affirms Chirst's oneness with the Father.

Finalized the Creed.

Upheld the divine divinity of the Holy Spirit.

Proved Nazianzus correct.

Constantinople-

"Jesus is fully human"

Nazianzus wins.

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