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1. End of the Commonwealth: Security.
2. State of Nature = State of War
3. Definition of the Commonwealth: "(...) one person, of whose acts a great multitude, by mutual covenants one with another, have made themselves every one the author, to the end he may use the strenght and means of them all, as he shall think expedient, for their peace and common defence" (Hobbes, 132).
4. Distinction Sovereign (Leviathan) /Subject.
5. Ways to attain Sovereign Power
i) Acquisition: Destruction (Colonialism).
ii) Institution: Voluntary assembly.
6. State of Nature:
i) Homo homini lupus est (man is a wolf to his fellow man).
ii) War of Everyone Against Everyone.
iii) Life is "solitary, poor, nasty, brutih and short."
1. Subject cannot change the government.
2. Power cannot be divided.
3. No rights of the subjects to protest against the sovereign.
4. Subjects cannot accuse the Sovereign.
5. Subjects cannot punish the Sovereign.
6. The subject is the judge of what is necessary for peace.
7. The sovereign has the right to make laws.
8. The sovereign has the right of judicature and decision of controversy.
9. The sovereign has the right to make peace and war.
10. The sovereign has the right to appoint ministers and counselors.
11. The sovereign has the right to reward and punish.
12. The sovereign has the right of honouring and ordering.
ALIENATION OF FREEDOM
"To confer all their power and strength upon one man or assembly of men, that may reduce all their wills, by plurality of voices, into one will (...) this is more than consent or concord, it is a real unity of them all (...) I authorize and give up my right of governing myself, to this man, or assembly of men, on this condition, that thou give up thy right to him and authorize all his actions in like manner. . This done the multitude so united in one person is called a commonwealth, in latin civitas" (Hobbes, 132).
FORMAL/SUBSTANTIAL THEORY OF REPRESENTATION
"A commonwealth is said to be instituted when a multitude of men do agree, and covenant, every one, with every one, that to whatsoever man, or assembly of men shall be given by the major part, the right to present the person of them all, that is to say, to be their representative" (Hobbes, 134).