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Social Cognitive Theory asserts that learning is the result of modeling or mimicking the behaviors that we observe in others during social interaction. This idea can be expounded upon by stating that it must then be true that if the behaviors we are observing during this learning process are from humans possessing a higher level of intelligence or cognition then we will also possess those attributes.
* Pros:
- Constructivism is child-centered rather than
curriculum based
- Constructivism focuses on knowledge
construction instead of knowledge reproduction
* Cons:
- Children may need different experiences to advance to
different levels of understanding
Technology provides essential tools with which to accomplish the goals of a social constructivist classroom. Below are a couple of examples of the way information technology can support social constructivist teaching and learning:
* Telecommunications tools such as e-mail and the Internet provide a means for dialogue, discussion, and debate -- interactivity that leads to the social construction of meaning. Students can talk with other students, teachers, and professionals in communities far from their classroom.
* Simulations
* The More Knowledgeable Other (MKO): refers to anyone who has a better understanding or a higher ability level than the learner.
* The Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD): the distance between a student's ability to perform a task under adult guidance and/or with peer collaboration and the student's ability to solve the problem independently.
* Scaffolding: various forms of support that educational providers can offer learners.
Behaviorism is a theory based on a "stimulus-response" principle concluding that learning is achieved when external stimuli causes an observable change in behavior. The new behavior is then reinforced with reward or punishment so that it will occur consistently and the result is the new learned behavior.
* Stimulus: a specific object or event that influences an individual's learning or behavior.
* Response: a specific behavior that an individual exhibits to a specific stimuli.
* Reinforcement: the use of re-inforcers to award or punish a behavior resulting in an increase or decrease in frequency of a specified behavior.
Ways to use reinforcers in the classroom:
* Token Economy
* Dropping low test score for certain behavior
* Stickers
* Extra time with friends
* Cuing flash lights to get desired response (ex. quietness)
* Positive affirmations and/or praise
* Rewarding responsibilty
* Encouraging incompatible response (ex. assigning the
responsibility of the silence monitor to the loud child
* Pros:
- Effective
- Simple to implement
- Can be modified for a wide variety of age
groups
- Observable and measurable
* Cons:
- Negative connotation-bribing behavior
- Can ignore thoughts and feelings
- Does not account for all types of learners
(ADHD, special needs, etc)
- Can be difficult to determine what will truly
motivate a child.
The Social Constructivism Theory claims that there is a direct correlation between cognitive development and social development. Societal knowledge is stressed over individual knowledge in this theory and promotes the idea that our knowledge base is not self constructed, but rather it is derived from becoming familiar with the views, beliefs, and accepted meanings of our society. Learning then takes place when we incorporate these widely accepted concepts into our own thinking and accept them as reality.
* Pros:
- Geared toward joint social improvement to increase individuals’ behaviours (not victim blaming)
- Appreciates the influence of the environment, the person and the behaviour on one another
- Internationally recognized and utilized – successfully
- ntegrates ideas psychology, sociology and political science
* Cons:
- Overlooks the impact that individuality has when it comes to people’s ability to learn new processes, i.e.. biological system (DNA)
- Does not thoroughly consider personal issues or barriers
- Missing connection between observational learning and self-efficacy
* Retention: remembering what you paid attention to.
* Reproduction: to reproduce your image including physical capabilities and self-observations.
* Motivation: a good reason to imitate.
Promote positive motivation by utilizing the following tactics in the classroom:
* Visual/Global approach and not Verbal/Analytical approach.
* Reasoning by inference and not by formal logic.
* Focus on people and relationships.
* Energetic involvement in several simultaneous activity and not routine
step-by-step learning.
Throughout the years, great minds have proposed a number of theories in an attempt to explain the process in which we all learn. Ultimately, this resulted in the 5 main theories listed below:
1. Behaviorism
2. Social Cognitive
3. Cognitive
4. Social Constructivism
5. Humanism
* Behaviorists and Cognitivists share a "stimulus-response" principle; however, behaviorists believe that a change in behavior defines learning where cognitivists believe that while there may be a change in behavior the learning takes place with a change in understanding.
* Cognitive Theories focus on the self while Social Theories focus on groups and what you learn from others
* Each of the theories is learning and learner centered
* Unlike the other theories, feelings are an important part of the humanism theory
* Each of the theories promote diversity
* Meaningful learning:
- Teachers need to promote more effective learning, the teacher need to link new information
to familiar information.
- Example: If teacher want to teach about rice plantation, it is advisable for him to organize
trip to Sabak Bernam where rice are planted or show them video showing rice plantation
in Sabak Bernam.
* Schema Theory:
- Engage student in schema theory while teaching.
- This theory suggested that our prior knowledge can facilitate or enhance transfer of
learning.
- Example: In teaching account, teacher may use prior knowledge or formula they have
learned earlier in mathematics.
* Self-Actualization: the realization or fulfillment of one's potential and talents, especially considered as a drive or need present in everyone.
* Hierarchy of Needs: suggests five interdependent levels of basic human needs that must be satisfied in a strict sequence starting with the lowest level.
* Schema: our understanding of a concept.
* Adaptation: the process of adjusting schemes and experiences to each other to maintain equilibrium.
* Assimilation: a form of adaptation in which an experience in the environment is incorporated into an existing scheme.
* Pros:
- Focus specifically on children
- Recognition of specific states of cognitive
development
- Allows for discovery learning
* Cons:
- Piaget may have underestimated what
children are capable of
- Research methods used were not reliable
*Self-Directed Learning:
Self-directed learning involves students learning what they want and need to learn, not what the teacher arbitrarily decides is important. In this way, the teacher becomes more of a facilitator than a disciplinarian. Instead of insisting that Colin, and students like him, learn a prescriptive lesson plan, teachers support the students in following their passion.
* Self-Evaluation:
According to humanism, grades should be replaced with self-evaluation, or thoughtful assessment of one's own work. Self-evaluation teaches students to think about what they have done and what they can still do.
* Pros:
- Focuses on each individual student
- Allows students to excel in what they are
interested in
- Allows for a closer teacher/student relationship
* Cons:
- Difficulty implementing in current education
system
- Extroverted students tend to dominate
conversations
- Lack of competitiveness
The Cognitive Theory defines learning as a change in a learner's schemata and while this learning may result in a change in behavior it is primarily a change in understanding. Cognitivists are focused on the mental activity of the learner and believe that the way they perceive external stimuli can cause a change in understanding also known to this group as the process of learning.
The Humanistic Theory of Learning is based on the idea that experience is the primary phenomenon used for the study of human learning and behavior. Humanists believe that humans are instilled with an innate desire to learn, to be successful, and to reach their full potential. This provides a focus for humanistic study. Humanists study the whole self, motivations, and goals of the learner.