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"Judgement is made with sense of obligation to discover the rules of rightness that apply in particular situation" - Vickers
"Good judgement is art rather than a science"
- Vickers
Judgements are made in three knowledge domains:
Judgement workshop
Transformation and Adaptation workshop
- How do you perceive the meaning of the word "judgement"?
- Think of two occasions where you used your judgement - how was the process, can you identify the steps?
- Judgement can change over time, and it can also be examined!
The Victim - Threat Interplay
How the portrayal of phenomena such as the current refugee crisis constantly changes and how people have to adapt to these changes by changing their own perceptions?
Decision vs. judgement
Decision can be seen as narrower term than judgement. Decision may be taken on certain issue at a particular time but the capacity for good judgement can only be revealed over period of time. - Vickers
Planning workshop
Examining in group:
Appreciative systems, futures
Geoffrey Vickers
1894-1982
Geoffrey Vickers
lawyer, manager, human resources director
1955 retired Reflecting on his working life
His work had strong influence on the developing use of system thinking in management, decision-making and politics.
“A trap is a trap only for the creatures which cannot solve the problems is sets. Men traps are dangerous only in relation to the limitations of what men can see and value and do.” Geoffery Vickers
Vickers’ most significant contribution to systems thinking was the concept of the appreciative system, a description of the ongoing process of sense-making over time.
Appreciation as a “combined judgement of value and fact”
Vickers' work in systems thinking
human relationships rather than seeking goals
Form & Open systems
Focuses of interest in studying form
1. Relationship
entities, objects which support the relationship
2. Regulation
the ways that systems preserve their form even through change
3. Stability
correcting deviations from normal state
No open system lasts for ever.
Vickers’ concept of an appreciative systems model
Vickers argued that any decision contains three judgements.
Therefore any attempt to improve decision making needs to
improve the quality of one or more of these judgements.
Appreciation Judgment
Implifications of Appreciative System for organization, leadership and professionals
What, Why, How
Instrumental Judgement
Reality Judgement
Sense Making
1. Reality Judgment
The objective is that the situation of concern is understood and prioritized value-neutrally.
The organization's value system is the guiding factor to ensure that strategic responses are appropriate for the organization,
and suitable for the challenges that were identified.
Typical example of sense-making project
Typical example of a strategizing project
Value Judgement
The alignment process is conversational to organization's value systems. Here the alternative worldviews are tabled, compared and tested in various scenarios.
Typical example of value-alignment project
The Appreciative System framework suggests implications for the organization, the leadership
and the professionals involved with any Futures Studies projects. Three judgmental areas could form an integrated framework to guide purpose of the project.
Appreciative System
2. Value Judgment
3. Instrumental Judgment
between is and ought?
unsatisfactory by value judgment, and if so, what?
With wisdom we have the ability to see consequences of current actions in a long-run.
The essence of wisdom is concern with the future.
Ozbekhan (1977), Haeckel (2004), Ackoff (1981)
Systems (social institutions) constantly shape our perceptions
We need to adapt to these changes
In the business, political or social contexts
“Planning is one of the most complex and difficult intellectual activities in which man can engage.” - Ackoff
References
by Ackoff
Mess is a system of problems.
System of external conditions that produces dissatisfaction.
The attempt to deal holistically with a mess/system of problems is what planning should be all about.
Articles
book chapters
Is human life Finite?
Will We Become Extinct?
Reactive planning:
bottom-up method that is directed to find and locate organization’s deficiencies and then remove or reduce them.
Preactive planning:
top-down planning consists prediction and preparation. It is planning for the future, not planning the future.
Interactive planning:
Participation and commitment of stakeholders enabled by the democratic nature of design process
1. Advance of taking action
2. Set of interdependent decisions
a. planning must be planned
b. problems & decisions are interrelated
3. Simultaneous stages
has 2 parts:
Fahimeh Fotouhi
Anna Muukkonen
Riikka Ikonen
Petra Tammisto
Marta Jaakkola
2 February 2016
Idealization & Realization
Russell Ackoffs five stages of interactive planning:
formulating the mess = understanding the problems and opportunities involved
ends planning = designing the desirable
means planning = finding ways to reach the desirable future
resource planning = deciding what human, financial and other resources are required and how to obtain them
design of implementation and control = the details of how to put the changes into places and check that they have actually happened