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The decade after WWI marked dramatic changes for the nation as the economy boomed. With Republicans in command, the nation returned to prewar isolationism, while policies supporting big business cleared the way for the growth of industries. Cultural changes affected the lifestyles and values of Americans. However, these changes also sparked conflicts and tensions.
1. How did Republican Presidents Warren G. Harding and Calvin Coolidge bring the country and economy back to “normalcy”?
2. How did the economy change in the 1920’s?
3. What new independence did young people find in the changing society of the 1920’s?
4. How did musicians, artists, actors and writers contribute to American popular culture in the 1920’s?
5. What competing ideals came about during the 1920’s in regards to immigration, minorities, prohibition, and religion?
-After WW1, Americans feared the spread of communism and anarchy (against the gov't).
- Sacco and Vanzetti were arrested and charged with murder in Mass.
- Admitted anarchists and Italian Immigrants
- This began the "Red Scare" - Thousands of foreigners were arrested and deported.
- Denied the charges against them- and despite limited evidence- the two men were convicted and executed in 1927
The KKK has a rebirth during the 1920's
- Allowed only a certain # of people from each country to enter the US.
-Allowed more immigrants from Northern Europe, especially Britain
-Wanted to keep America white and Protestant
- Shows that America was trying to follow a policy of isolationism.
- Against immigrants, Catholics, Jews, African-Americans
- 18th amendment in 1919 put a ban on alcohol
-Reality: the ban did not work
-organized crime develops to profit from the sale of alcohol
- Bootleggers were those who made and sold alcohol illegally
-Al Capone becomes a top crime figure
- Wets vs. Drys - Oppose prohibition vs. favor prohibition
- Alcohol consumption stayed the same
Teacher in Tennessee was arrested for teaching Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
- Crime leads to the 21st amendment in 1933 which repealed the 18th amendment
-Speakeasies develop- bars which served alcohol illegally
Clarence Darrow defended teacher, William Jennings Bryan prosecuted
Scopes Monkey Trial : goes to the supreme court...ends in favor of evolution being taught in schools.
Babe Ruth was the top home run hitter making more than the president
Bronx Bombers
(New York Yankees)
Part 1: Pop Culture Internet Activity- http://wallerroaring20s.weebly.com
I, Too
I, too, sing America.
I am the darker brother.
They send me to eat in the kitchen
When company comes,
But I laugh,
And eat well,
And grow strong.
Tomorrow,
I'll be at the table
When company comes.
Nobody'll dare
Say to me,
"Eat in the kitchen,"
Then.
Besides,
They'll see how beautiful I am
And be ashamed--
I, too, am America.
Langston Hughes
During WW1- new job opportunities brought African- Americans to the North.
Known as the "Great Migration" blacks settled in cities like Chicago, Boston, and NYC in great numbers.
Jazz and Blues develop from African-American culture in the South (Mississippi and New Orleans).
Scopes Trial
John Scopes, the 24-year-old defendant, taught in the public high school in Dayton, Tenn., and included evolution in his curriculum. He agreed to be the focus of a test case attacking the new law, and was arrested for teaching evolution and tried with the American Civil Liberties Union backing his defense. His lawyer was the legendary Clarence Darrow, who, besides being a renowned defense attorney for labor and radical figures, was an avowed agnostic in religious matters.
The state's attorney was William Jennings Bryan, a Christian, pacifist, and former candidate for the U.S. presidency. He agreed to take the case because he believed that evolution theory led to dangerous social movements. And he believed the Bible should be interpreted literally.
he jury found Scopes guilty of violating the law and fined him $100. Bryan and the anti-evolutionists claimed victory, and the Tennessee law would stand for another 42 years. But Clarence Darrow and the ACLU had succeeded in publicizing scientific evidence for evolution, and the press reported that though Bryan had won the case, he had lost the argument. The verdict did have an effect on teaching evolution in the classroom, however, and not until the 1960s did it reappear in schoolbooks.
- Energetic and lively music represented the spirit of the times.
African-Americans used poetry and literature to comment against prejudice and express hope for the future.
Langston Hughes was a popular African-American writer during this time.
-Popular musicians- Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, Bessie Smith.
http://www.jukebo.com/louis-armstrong/
During the 1920s- a black artistic movement began called the "Harlem Renaissance" - which grew out of changes that had taken place in the African- American community since the abolition of slavery.
- Movement away from rural areas and to urban areas
- 1919, Women gain the right to vote with the passage of the 19th amendment
- College attendance doubled in the 1920's
- Some women who began to challenge traditional roles of dress, speech, attitude, and behavior became known as "Flappers"
-Women began to vote for the first time in 1920
- Rise of the "Suburbs" neighborhoods just outside the city
-Women began attending college
-Emphasis on physical appearance
-Women found new opportunities in politics. Nellie Ross and Miriam Ferguson became the first women to serve as governors of their states.
-Became Nurses, Teachers, Social Workers, Librarians
-Rise of Leisure activities- parties, dance clubs, listening to music, the beach, horse races
-cut their hair short into a "bob", wore makeup, short dresses.
1. What is consumerism?
1. Who were the 3 "Roaring Twenties" Presidents?
2. Name two factors of the economy in the 1920s to American Consumerism in the 1920s.
1. Name one new independence women enjoyed in the 1920's.
2. How did Warren Harding win the election of 1920?
3. How did businesses make buying products affordable?
2. _____________ were women who rebelled against the norms of society and dress, spoke,
4. Advertisements during the 1920's focused on which two goals?
3. __________________ is when Harding's friend Albert Fall, sold government land to oil companies for kickbacks.
5. How did businesses help consumers afford new products?
4. Why did the economy take a dip following the end of WW1?
6. List one effect of consumerism on society during the 1920s.
Despite having an economic downturn, America is often referred to as a "Consumer Society." The best example of this is to go to a shopping mall . Any day of the week, anytime of day, people are buying goods. You would never know that Americans are suffering economically by the crowds at that mall. Think about the ways companies get us to buy their products. List three ways companies convince us to buy their products.
- The American economy picked up and began "booming" in the 1920's
- Individuals had a higher income
- Americans began spending more money
-Many goods became available to buy- that previously were only "luxuries" and had by the very wealthy
-All of these factors gave rise to "consumerism"
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Ch. 23 World War I
1919-1929
Product/ Method Effects
"A social or economic order that is based on the systematic creation and fostering of a desire to purchase goods or services in greater amounts."
Is history doomed to repeat itself?
- Development the first form of "credit"
Focused on two areas:
1. Convincing the buyer of the effectiveness of the product
2. Convincing the buyer they needed it/deserved to have it
-Prior to the 1920's many items were luxuries for the rich because the average American couldn't afford it
For homework tonight I want you to think about this question. There are some startling similarities between consumer spending in the 1920's and consumer spending now.
1. Automobile
2. Radio
3. Home appliances
4. Beauty Products
5. Buying on Credit
In one paragraph tonight, (minimum 6 sentences) compare consumer spending in the 1920's to consumer spending now. In addition answer the following questions within your writing:
- Allowed buyers to purchase an item and make "payments"
- Henry Ford came out with the "moving assembly line" which cut down on production time and costs
1. Is history doomed to repeat itself?
2. Are Americans today defined by their possessions?
3. How can we protect ourselves financially in this recession?
In other words- buying an abundance of things that are not necessarily "needs" but more "wants"
- Some places accepted collateral
-Result: Model T car becomes more affordable to the consumer. Ex- 1908- $850, 1925- $290
$300.00 in 1925 had the same buying power as $4,186.68 in 2017
Question 3
Flappers Nellie Taylor Ross Bessie Coleman
Question 1
Normalcy unemployment Warren G. Harding Calvin Coolidge Teapot Dome Scandal Kellogg-Briand Pact
Question 5
Anarchists
Communists
Red Scare
Sacco+Vanzetti
Prohibition
18th and 21st amendment
bootleggers
speakeasies
fundamentalism
Scopes Trial
Great Migration
Question 4
Pop culture Jazz and the Blues Radio Talkie Babe Ruth Charles Lindbergh Harlem Renaissance Langston Hughes Lost Generation expatriates Art Deco
1. What does the quote "better keep to the old channel" mean?
2, In two sentences or more, describe the point this artist is trying to make.
Question 2 Model T moving assembly line boom advertisements credit Herbert Hoover
Quiz: _____________
Test:___________
How does Calvin Coolidge become president?
-Harding dies of a stroke.
Nicknamed "Silent Cal", Coolidge was a no- nonsense man from New England- typical hard working and thrifty.
Isolationism
Kellog- Briand Pact of 1928
An agreement to end the use of wars to settle disagreements.
-Nations pledge to no longer use war except in self defense (outlaws war)
Harding and Coolidge (Republican)
vs
Cox and Franklin Roosevelt (Democrat)
Harding said America needed “Return to Normalcy”
REVIEW
Shift focus back on the American people, put America First
People don’t want changes of Progressives or to get involved in European affairs
Isolationism – no fighting in European Wars
Teapot Dome Scandal
Interior Secretary Albert Fall allowed oil companies to pay him for rights to drill for oil on federal land.
He was paid in cash, stocks, bonds.