Origins of Canadian Government Timeline

Origins of Canadian Government Timeline

• War between Sparta and Athens caused end of Athenian dominance and end of Athenian direct democracy.

510BCE-476CE

The Roman Empire

• The first law code of the Romans was the Law of Twelve Tables and this led to the development of the Roman Law.

• Spaniard Trajan ruled Rome by the end of the first century AD and it became very multicultural. Composed of Italians, Greek, Germans, Egyptians, and more.

• As Rome began to grow, top government position attracted ambitious men. Julius Caesar wanted to control all of Rome and made a speech in the Senate to support his beliefs.
• Brutus murdered Caesar and supporters of Caesar started a civil war. Augustus (Caesar's nephew) was a strong ruler and became the emperor which ended republic of Rome.

Influences on Canadian Government

• Theory came under reign of James 1 of England (1603-1625), James VI of Scotland (1567-1625), and Louis XIV of France (1643-1715).

Influence on Canadian Government:

1215

1940

• Under Edward I, Parliament became more consistent. It was brought together when the King required them and usually when the crown needed taxation.

• The House of Lords have 830 members. The 3 types are the bishop, life peers, and the elected hereditary peers.

Influence on Canadian Government:

• Canada used to be a part of the British Empire. Used to operate under British government.

• Canada eventually gained right to self-govern but under the British North American Act of 1867, the structure of government and the purpose of powers between federal and provincial authorities remain the same as Britain's.

• Both have Prime Minister, House of Commons, and 3 levels. Britain has Local, Central, and Regional. Canada has Municipal, Provincial, Federal.

• Entire government system is that of Britain. Laws under Queen's name.

• Canadian Parliamentary system is referred as "Westminster model". Developed by British and named after their Palace of Westminster.

• Full legislative independence given to Canada 1982, amend right to own constitution.

• Still loyal to the Queen. All new citizens, police, and military in Canada swear allegiance to the Queen.

• Queen represented by Governor General.

John Locke

• You do not surrender all rights to one single individual, you surrender rights to preserve and maintain order.

• Some political historians believe the founders were influenced by Locke.

In Canada, parliamentary government was designed to secure right to life, liberty, and property, much like what Locke believed in.

• Americans wanted a petition to be heard by Britain and treated with respect.

Influence on Canadian Government:

During the American Revolution, Americans attacked Quebec causing the Battle of Quebec (1775). This was a big part of Canadian history.

1789-1799

French Revolution

• Charles-Alexandre de Colonne (advisor of King Louis XVI) purposed a reform to eliminate the budget deficit of France by increasing the tax to the privileged classes. It was enforced despite the resistance and led to a revolt.

Influence on Canadian Government:

• After the French Revolution, Napoleon Bonaparte came into power. Under his lead, Europe went into a series of European wars which stimulated export economy of Maritime and upper and lower Canada: ie: timber for the british navy. There was a growth in the forestry industry and grain. There was also smuggling during war by Americans who brought supplies across the border to buy British goods.

The greater the economy in the country, the more money there is available. It puts the governments in a good light. Also, the more money the nation has, the more there is for government spendings. It can be invested in security, public services, and wealth distribution.

• The revolution spirit surged and didn't die. It can be seen periodically in Canada during the 19th and 20th centuries, up to and including the Quiet Revolution (which has a great impact on Canada)

• French citizens immigrated to Canada and became politically active.

• French speaking Canadians greeted the revolution enthusiastically.

Social Revolutions

1935

On To Ottawa Trek:

July 1, 1935: Tensions of the Great Depression caused a clash between the jobless protestors and Canadian Police. It was the worst riot during the Great Depression.

It was the cause of months of protest before. The unemployed men moved across the country to confront the government in finding them jobs.

Originated in the West Coast. April 1935, 500 men left their relief camps (later known as slave camps) and went on strike in Vancouver. The men hated the work camps set up. It was a job but they earned 20 cents a day for 44 hours of work a week. The camps were located in remote locations across the country; set up by Prime Minister R.B.Bennett.

In Vancouver, 20,000 people attended a protest to signal Bennett to take care of the poor but were ignored.

On the day of the riot, there were 1500-2000 people in Regina's Market Square. This is where the march leaders called a meeting but were interrupted by 300 RCMP in large vans with 50 nearby horses.

The strikers were stopped there by the RCMP from the order of Ottawa, known as Regina Riot. It was considered the most violent episode of the Great Depression. The police used baseball bats and billy clubs. They threw teargas and the violence lasted for 3 hours.

The march was crushed but the severity of the riot started an awareness between both the protestors and the government.

In the end, there was one man dead, hundreds injured, and 130 arrested. There was over thousands of dollars worth of damage.

"The amount of people I saw with their heads bashed in was terrible, really terrible," recalls Geddes.

"In truth, it was a police-provoked riot. They raided a peaceful meeting and the people fought back." states Waiser, a University of Saskatchewan history professor.

1960s

• Rapid change in Quebec during the 1960s.

Quebec Liberal party under Jean Lesage ruled, and developed a reform platform.

The middle class wanted control over Quebec's economic resources. They thought it was a "Time for Change"

Focus point of reforms was that they questioned the church-based educational system.

In early 1960's, The Catholic Churches took the task of educating the young but half of all students dropped out by 15 years of age.

Unemployment was high as well. The English minorities in Quebec had better jobs.

Quebecois needed to be "Maitres Chez Nous" which meant "Masters in our own houses." This represented their control of their province.

Liberal Jean Lesage wanted to modernize the province. He took power away from the Union Nationale with Premier Maurice Duplessis who had power for 18 years.

Lesage placed demands to central government. Quebec wanted take over control of programs like health and education and greater share of tax revenue from Ottawa.

Daniel Johnson defeated Lesage in 1966. There started a threat of Quebec separation by the visit of Charles de Gaulle and his "Vive le Quebec Libre" speech in 1967; encouraging liberation of Quebec.

FLQ (Front de Liberation) came into the picture. Quebecois wanted independence.

October Crisis 1970: Oct 5: FLQ captured James Cross (British Trade Comissioner).

Oct 10: Pierre Laporte kidnapped. FLQ had a list of demands but Prime Minister Trudeau invoked the War Measures Act. (Police can do whatever they want).

Pierre Laporte was murdered and James Cross was eventually released.

May 20, 1980: Parti Quebeqois organized referendum on sovereignty but 60% rejected.

Another one held in 1995 and 51% said no. Quebec could not separate under constitution.

Quebec considered "nation within a nation". Would remain outside of Canadian Constitution. Qualifies as nation with own language, deeply felt attraction to territory, and specific values and memories.

Influence on Canadian Government:

New Canadian Flag in 1965 replacing "red enseign" create better unity with French Canadians because previous flag "too British".

New laws and bills to apply to Quebec's needs.

Created Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism in 1963: study French language and culture in Canada.

Surge of Quebec Nationalism.

Brought and end of great power of the Union Nationale as a political force in Quebec.

Quebec's Provincial government took over field of health care and education whereas previously run by the Roman Catholic Church.

Quebecois had more control over province's economy. Nationalized electricity production and distribution.

Quebec has special status. For example, it was the only province to get out of a joint program that other provinces stayed in.

Different federal and provincial relations: Quebec withdrawn from cost-sharing programs (pensions, health care, tax-sharing).

Revolutionary Ideas:

Overthrow of an established government/political system by people governed.

Divine Right of Kings

American Revolution

• After the fall of the Roman Empire, Europe was in turmoil.

Stamp Act

• Started at the opposition of taxation through the

Reasons:

• The previous absolute monarchy was overthrown.

Inspired by the American Revolution

Boston Tea Party.

• Byzantine Emperor Justinian proclaimed the "Divine Right of Kings."

and then the

• 1774: There was a desire for sovereignty. American colonies had grown in trade and commerce, started growing rapidly in population, was resource-rich, and politically mature.

Drawing of a meeting in the Bouleuterion

By: Richard Anderson. Agora Museum Archives.

Known as taxation without representation.

Parthenon: Temple dedicated to Greek Goddess Athena and symbol of Athenian democracy.

• Both King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette spent money that was of the country and not theirs on personal belongings. They were executed.

Democracy in Ancient Greece

• Was a political and religious doctrine. This was a medieval idea where God gave power to the King. He had the authority in both spiritual and political matters.

EVENTS:

• Commoners like merchants and disliked the exclusion from the political power and position of honour.
• Peasants were less willing to support the feudal system.
• Philosophies that supported social and political reforms were very popular and read by many.
• Crop failure made the population restless.

Execution of Marie Antoinette and King Louis XVI

• Natural right, Locke's concept became a huge part of American Revolution ideology.

-1763: Britain won the 7 years war and it was very expensive.

• In 507 B.C, a system of political reform called

• There was a new constitution and new ideas. Gave people rights.

-1765: Passed the Stamp Act with higher taxes. They lost money getting the land in the war so citizens can help repay the debt Britain was in.

"demokratia" or "rule by the people"

The 3 institutions of Ancient Greek Government:

-There was no direct representation in the Parliament that passed the tax so the colonists were upset.

• After many reforms and enlightened ideas, the revolution was over.

• 1775-83: 13 colonies had won independence from Britain.

Iroquois Confederacy

was introduced by Cleisthenes which gave the people a more direct role in running the city.

-Stamp Act was repealed March 1766.

Thomas Hobbes:

1. The Ekklesia:

• The King did not subject to the will of his people and made all final decisions. It enforced Monarchy as the best form of government.

Townshend Act

-More tax was passed under the

Thomas Hobbes

April 5, 1588-Dec 4, 1679

sachems.

• Confederacy governed by council of 50

Boston Massacre

after the Stamp Act. There were many protests and boycotts.

Meeting attended by 5000 men held 40 times a year. Made decisions on foreign policy, wrote/revised laws, and condemned or conducted public officials. Decisions were made by majority vote.

(supreme power held by single person.)

(power in few person or dominant class)

• Formed Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) or People of the Longhouse Confederacy.

(chief of a tribe.)

• On July 7 1776, the

monarchy,

oligarchy,

• It started as a

advanced to

• Was English philosopher. Known for his writing and diputes on religious questions.

• The American Continental Congress attempted to convince Canadians to join them but French Canadians decided to remain loyal. Quebec was happy with the Quebec Act (formed to keep people loyal to Britain.)

• This ended the age of absolute monarchy. Sadly, it was followed by the Reign of Terror. It was a violent spell of rivals who fought for power. Over 40,000 were executed.

• Each of 5 founding member of the confederacy was represented by 8-14 members. The positions were hereditary.

democracy

• 5 large families joined together: Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, Senecas.

until it reached

2. The Boule:

• Individualism, materialism, utilitarianism,

Declaration of Independence (US independent from Britain)

-1770: Boston massacre occurred where 5 people were killed.

-1772: colonies dumped millions of dollars worth of tea in the Boston Harbour to protest.

-Protestors also boycotted British products.

(Emphasis on material objects, comfort, and disinterest in spiritual, intellectual, or cultural values.

Signing of Declaration of Independence

(power vested in people and exercised directly by them or elected persons.)

(Belief of independent thought of action.)

(ethical doctrine that excellence based on utility. Behaviour should be directed to promote happiness of greatest number of persons.)

• Any attempts to restrict or depose the King was contrary to the will of god and there would be consequences.

Prisoners being executed during Reign of Terror.

WORK:

• The American Revolution led to the independence of America as an entire country. Canada on the other hand isn't free of British power.

• Subdivided into smaller families or tribes with own symbol (bear, wolf, eagle, etc.)

Known as Council of 5 hundred. 500 men, 50 from each Athenian Tribe met every day. Each person serves a year. Position chosen by lottery which made it more democratic; votes not influenced by popularity or money.

were absolute theory of Hobbes.

RULES:

• Number of free citizens were small so

• Wrote "De Cive" which was on moral and political philosophy.

• Seneca: Keepers of the western door
• Mohawks: Keepers of the eastern door.

sovereign

• Believed society should accept

Meeting in the Bouleuterion

By: Richard Anderson

direct democracy

• Each nation looked after their own internal affairs but a representative from each nation came together to deal with topics affecting all the members of the confederacy (ie: war).

(Citizens vote on decisions)

(ruled by someone with supreme power)

• Napoleon Bonaparte rose into power in 1799.

3. The Dikasteria:

• Free male citizens older than 18 years of age voted on decision, reached by

written by Thomas Jefferson formally accepted. It was signed August 2, 1776.

as sole political authority.

This famous painting actually shows the drafting committee rather than the signing.

consensus.

could take place.

• USA and Canada have a very close relationship. Their governments are pretty close. Canada's government has connections to this powerful country which can be a great advantage for security.

(general agreement)

• Used to occupy across present state New York, west of Genesee River through Finger Lakes region to the Hudson River on the east.

Met everyday, 500 jurors chosen from a pool of male citizens over 30 years of age. They were paid but it was lower than the average working man salary so usually done by old retirees.

• Women, foreigners, enslaved people, and children had no say; not considered as people.

• In 16th century and 17th century, Europe was experimenting with

Consequence of disobedience were execution, burning, decapitation, or hanging. These were used as public spectacles

indirect democracy

• The way they worked was based on democracy and personal freedom.

Influence on Canadian Government:

(Citizens vote on people who make decisions)

• Thought sovereign is a proper form of religious worship. Not citizen should place the duty of God over the duty of the government.

• Main way of establishing obedience was Propoganda.

Victory of citizens of France.

De Cive

absolute monarchy

constitutional monarchy.

• The American Revolution led to many moving into Canada from the USA. Populations grew which can be an advantage. Population is a component to being a strong nation. There is more involvement in government.

• Elements in Iroquois government was similar to modern politics like referendums and recalls.

and

• Early 18th century, Tuscarora joined and was changed to Six Nations.

• Representatives were appointed by the clan mothers but were removed if people lost confidence.

Tribes used to be enemies until Deganawidah and Hyantawatha decided fighting should stop. They formed a union and their government was called the Great Peace Law.

Monarchy limited by law/constitution.

Monarchs hold supreme power, the king/queen is dictator. They are not legally bound to the constitution of the country.

• Third Estate

• Law is brought to assist one another and join together against the common enemy.

• It seemed like a failure but bourgeois and land owning classes became the dominant power. It unified France and ended feudalism.

• 460 BC under rule of general Pericles (who was elected, not appointed) evolved democracy to

• In meetings, all decisions must be made by consensus.

• Iroquois government was based on consensus. It was very democratic. Although Canada is a form of democracy, it is still a monarchy. Canada is "majority rules." The population is large so decisions made by unanimous consent would be too hard.

• Most known for his work "Leviathan" in 1651 which questions religion. Says state of nature worse possible way to live.

enlightenment,

• Ideas of

common workers

wanted more respect and actual say in the government. They began violent revolts.

Influence on Canadian government:

• At time of European contact, population was around 10,000-15,000 people.

Title page of Leviathan. Crowned figure made of people.

• Colonists threw off rule of imperial monarchy and replaced it with a government with no King.

aristocracy.

"The one man, the best"

Form of government held by nobility.

Influence on Canadian Government:

• The ancient Greeks were the start of democracy. Almost all democratic governments were based off of the Greeks, including Canadian government.

• Life in state of nature is full of fear, selfishness. It's solitary, poor, brutish, and short.

proof that it was possible to overthrow government. If Americans can obtain full independence from Britain, it is possible that any other colonies of the British Empire could do so as well. In a way, it gave a sense of hope to those Canadians who wanted independence from Britain and it's own self-government. The American Revolution could have been the cause of how government between Britain and Canada works today. Less involved with each other's affairs.

• The Divine Right of Kings had a devastating result because the monarchs began abusing their powers. This led to the start of constitutional monarchy.

• The separation of aristocracy and governing bodies were from Greek ideas. This allows any citizen to be a part of the government without being noble or rich.

• Were horticulturalists. They lived in villages of several hundred people.

• There is freedom in Canada but at a limited extent. There is still a higher authority (British Royal Family) who pass the laws therefore, there is security.

• He made Athenian Democracy a mean of equality of opportunity. Slaves and resident aliens were represented through patrons.

• Each nation looked after it's own internal affairs and came together to talk about ones effecting the whole confederacy. This is much like Canada's system of government. We have municipal to govern towns, cities, etc. Provincial government looks after the province. Then, there's the federal government where it looks after problems effecting the entire country.

Through teaching, preaching, and writing, people taught disobedience was wrong and un-Christian. Those who escaped the consequence would be punished by burning in hell fire for life.

• Citizens are allowed to vote, abolish, and participate in both Greek and Canadian government.

• Social structure was based on

• One village would have between a few to 50 longhouses.

• Authority based on individual self-interest and all individuals are equal but at the same time, maintain monarch called the Sovereign which is needed if authority in society is to survive.

• Females lived with husbands that belonged to other matrilineages in single

Death of General Richard Montgomery and leading officers.

matrilineal

principals.

Interior of a longhouse

By: Lewis Parker

longhouses.

• The concept of being a citizen was from the Greeks.

(inherit or determine descent through females.)

• Man has natural desire of security and order. For self-protection and self-preservation, to avoid misery and pain.

(bark-covered, wooden-framed houses; 50-150 feet long.)

The sacred wampum belt. Represents union of Nations.

• The Greek government had 3 main institutions (Ekklesia, Boule, and Dikasteria). Canada has 3 as well. (Judicial, executive, and legislative.)

• The population is "beneath" the Royal Family under monarchy, which was what Hobbes preferred. But, he was thinking along the lines of absolute monarchy whereas Canada is a constitutional monarchy.

Meeting of Six Nations.

• To achieve this, man must voluntarily surrender rights and freedoms to authority.

• Canada is one of the many (United Kingdom, Sweden, Australia, and more) that are a constitutional monarchy.

• Ancient Greece was the birthplace of trial by jury. 2 parties argue in front of a jury and jury has final say if accused is guilty or not.

• Theory abandoned in England after Glorious Revolution of 1688-1689. In early 20th century, thought virtually abandoned.

• Elect prime minister but still swear allegiance to the Queen, who has limited power. She acts on advice of the government. Elections and laws are still promoted/known under the name of the Queen.

Artwork of meeting.

• Without the experimentation of the Divine Right of Kings under absolute monarchy, constitutional monarchy would not have formed.

Platform on Pnyx Hill where speakers address Athenian democratic assembly. Space could hold up to 6000 people.

1776

507 B.C

British Parliament

Influence on Canadian Government:

The Magna Carta

democrats

The country's founders were

who believed in Locke's beliefs.

If the founders believed in Locke, then the government would be shaped to agree with Locke's beliefs.

The Quiet (Tranquille) Revolution:

John Locke

August 29, 1632-October 28-1704

• Signed on June 19, 1215 at Runnymede.

History:

Size of Roman Empire

epistemology,

• Highly influential philosopher. Wrote political philosophy,

Now:

King John signing the Magna Carta at Runnymede

Philosophy that investigates origin, nature, methods, and limit to human knowledge.

and education. He founded modern western philosophy.

Social Contract.

• His beliefs led to the

• Had one main emperor with job for life but assassination always an occupational hazard.

• This was the first document to challenge the authority of the King. King John of England violated a number of ancient laws and customs.

Emperors Rule:

• Man did not surrender all rights to one individual, but lost right to preserve and maintain order and enforce laws. They got right to liberty.

• Believed in state of nature. Property is not secure. It was considered as a "Golden Age" or "peace, goodwill, mutual assistance, and preservation."

Augustus Caesar

63BC-August 19, 14 AD

• 1642-1646 was the English Civil war. Parliamentary forces were able to defeat King Charles I which abolished absolute monarchy. The parliament governed Britain and later constitutional monarchy was established.

Demonstration prior to Regina Riot

• Parliament examines and challenge work of government.

• Bureaucracy

kept huge empire under control.

• Rule of Romans began with Augustus Caesar (the first emperor). Julius Caesar was a ruler but took the title as a "Dictator" with his supreme military and political power.

• He believed each person owns themselves. They have certain liberties and cannot be taken away by the state of anyone else.

• He wrote 2 treatise of government in early 1680 that expressed his revolutionary ideas that concerned natural light of man and social contract. It was published in 1690.

• King would have to govern England according to the customs of the

Moot:

Anglo-Saxon regular meetings.

Most important decisions made by state officials, not elected representatives. There's an organized system of civil servants doing work for central government.

• Modern UK government can be dated back to the features of the Anglo-Saxon government.

Parliament

feudal law.

Witan:

• Debate and pass laws.

• King called together the leading advisors and nobles and they discussed the matters affecting the country. King chose individuals summoned.

From French "parlement" or Latin "Parliamentum" meaning "discussion."

(System in the Middle Ages: relationship between upperclassmen to maintain control of land.

• Enable government to raise taxes.

• He believed in natural conditions of mankind, live life as one thinks best fits and free of interference.

• Empire got too big and central government not able to effectively rule. This caused the

• Augustus destroyed many of Rome's enemies and brought stability.

Witan Meeting

• Purpose was to stop the King from abusing his powers and prevent people from suffering.

The momentum grew and they began to pick up hundreds of more recruits. In Regina, their numbers doubled to 2000.

• Should not take more than own fair share, no such thing as private property.

-Made a distinction between legitimate and illegitimate government, he was against absolute authority of government.

-He thought the reason government established is to protect life, liberty, and property. If this goal is not respected, rebellion is permissible.

-FIRST TREATISE: Wrote against sir Robert Filmer and his work "Patriarcha" (1680). He criticized the work of Thomas Hobbes as well.

-SECOND TREATISE: He stated the theory of natural law and right. Thought that public welfare made the government necessary and defended the government as an institution.

• There are 2 houses: House of Commons and House of Lords. Work takes place in committees made up of 10-50 Members of Parliament of Lords.

Reformed

laws of city and managed to extend the empire.

Officers guarding streets under War Measures Act

• 1275: King Edward I called the first parliament. He summoned the nobles and churchmen but also 2 representatives from each county (knights of the shire) and 2 from each city/town (burgesses) to attend.

Maple Spring: Strike in Montreal

Byzantine Empire: Eastern and Western Roman Empire.

Lesage created the Quebec Pension Plan and by 1964, the province had an education ministry that was highly government controlled.

to change to a better state (alter).

Paul Rose: Leader of FLQ

• "King not above law."

2 Treatise first edition title page

In hopes of ending this situation peacefully, Bennett invited a few of the strikers to meet with him in Ottawa. 8 leaders sat with Bennett for an hour on June 22 but it ended in a failure.

They were to listen and approve new tax and later give consent because they were the ones that would be most affected.

• Pax Romana (Roman Peace) or other known as Pax Augusta was a time of peace and prosperity for Romans.

Empire under constant attack. Internally suffered in sheer size.

• Thought property in state of nature is not secure because

• Members of parliament are elected in a party. They represent interests and concerns to the House of Commons.

Copy of Magna Carta written in Medieval Latin; water stained and crumbling.

• Locke was forced to leave England due to the failed assassination of King Charles II and his brother which is now known as the Rye House Plot. His thoughts of freedom of religious and rights of citizens challenged the King's authority caused suspicion.

• No freeman imprisoned or punished without going through the proper legal system. Later, "freeman" replaced with "No one."

Voltaire

Goths

• 376-382: Rome had to fight battles with

Teutonic people who invaded and settled in parts of the Roman Empire.

-There is no established law

-There is no impartial judge

-There is not natural powers to execute natural laws.

Early June, strike leaders wanted to move the protest to Ottawa with a lack of progress. 1000 men climbed on railway freight cars (Riding the Rod). They were joined by hundreds of Alberta men.

Influence on Canadian Government

• Tiberius was the heir after Augustus but he lacked the strength and character needed to rule. The same went with many emperors that followed.

House of Commons

Chaos during the Regina Riot

• Some Members of Lords are organized in parties but many are not in any political parties.

• 800 years later, still relevant as human rights.

• Locke was able to influence European thinkers like Voltaire and shaped the thinking of American founders.

known as the Gothic War.

• Promise of fair laws.

• Many ideas have been revised and repealed but it still provides an outline of modern democracies today.

Influence on Canada's Government:

• There are 3 main parties: Labour, Coservative, and Liberal Democrat.

• The 5 good emperors (expanded Rome's size and scope):

• Part of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedom.

King Edward I

June 17, 1239-July 7, 1307

• Had influence of the creation of law. In the era of the Roman Republic (508-498 BC), legislation was passed by the comitia or assembly of citizens. They were approved by the upper class and issued under the senate and people. This process is similar to almost every democratic constitution today. In Canada, a bill is passed through first house. (Usually House of Commons, sometimes Senate.) Then through second house. (Usually Senate, sometimes House of Commons.) Then it's given to the Governor General (higher up) and it's made law.

• 3 months after the riot during the federal election, Bennett was voted out of office, partly because of this incident, and William Lyon Mackenzie King came back into power.

• The Magna Carta was later known as human rights.

Public Law

• The Canadian law was grown from the British law therefore, the Magna Carta was default carried into Canada.

• Created division between

and

Battle of Adrianople on 9 August 378, Roman Valens were defeated and was the beginning of the decline of the Roman Empire.

(State involved; issues of treason, taxation, etc.)

• After trek, Bennett's Conservative seats went from 134 to 69. The relations with the government and citizens calmed. Some demands from the trekkers were eventually met. Camps were replaced with seasonal camps where workers were paid slightly more. The government offered free transportation to the west as a peace sign.

civil law

• The Romans created the system basis of

Private Law

Strikers in BC climbing freight cars.

Dispute between private parties or harm to others.

PEOPLE:

(dispute between people like contracts)

• Edward II on Januardy 1327 made every parliament include a representative from the people. The same pattern set for the House of Commons and Lords.

• They influenced the development of private international law. They had jury trials and the phrase "Innocent until proven guilty" came from the Roman ideas. In the end, the jury has final decision.

Speaker:

Speaker of HOC chair debates between MPs.

• The events increased the sympathetic response of the government toward the difficulties people faced involving employment.

Common Deputy Speaker:

In absence of speaker.

Antoninus Pius (136-161)

• They contributed the contribution of the concept of a republic government where the leaders of the government are elected by the citizens.

• 1940: decade after trek, the Canadian Congress of Labour formed as well as Saskatchewan Federation of Labour in 1944.

Chair business in HOL debate chamber.

Lord Speaker:

Hadrian (117-138)

Marcus Aurelius (161–180)

Nerva (96-98)

Trajan (98-117)

Lord Chancellor:

Cabinet Minister and Member of HOC.

• The modern democracy branch system was granted from the Romans: executive branch, judicial, and legislative branch.

Republic (respublica)

(supreme power rest in citizens who vote and exercised by representatives chosen by them.)

• Were described as

Leader of HOC:

Organize government business in commons.

before the rule of Julius Caesar.

Organize government business in lords and offers advice on procedure.

Leader of HOL:

• People divided into classes.

Parliament, 1400.

Sergeant at Arms:

Were the wealthy citizens and lived in grand houses. Had slaves and were allowed to go to Assembly to vote.

Patricians:

Security, keep order within common parts of parliamentary estate.

Plebeians:

Were not wealthy but still citizens. Worked for living as craftsmen or tradesmen but went to Assembly to vote.

• On September 4, 476: emperor deposed by Germanic King Odoacer.

Black Rod:

Queen's representative on daily basis. Senior officer of HOL. Responsible for security and organisatinon of ceremonial events.

Slaves:

Had no money, rights, or freedom. Were not citizens so not allowed to vote.

• Powers: Patricians and Plebeians voted for these people.

Consuls:

Voted for two consuls and served for a year. Consuls govern Rome and agree on all decisions. After being replaced, couldn't be consul again for another 10 years.

Magistrates:

Job to keep law and order, manage financial affairs. When retired, became senators and attended senate.

• Empire peaked at 6,500,000 square kilometers. Some estimate the population was at 55-60 million people.

Tribunes:

Made sure people were treated fairly.

Meeting of Roman Senate

The Senate:

Went to Senate to discuss important issues. Senators retired magistrates and knew lots about the government. Gave advice to consuls and when Emperor began to rule, they still gave advice on governing Rome.

Battle of Adrianople

Pierre Trudeau "Just Watch Me".

Reaction to Quiet Revolution.