References
Frozen/Paralyzed limbs
- Paterson, 2014
- Holt, Bremner, Sutherland, Vliek, Passer and Smith, 2012
- Herta, 2002
- Melinda, 2013
- http://bio1152.nicerweb.com/Locked/media/ch49/49_16-MotorSensoryCorts-L.jpg
- Doidge, N (2007)
- Mitchell, S (1872)
- Ramachandran, V, S (1996)
- Boddice, R.B. (2014)
- Pain from initial impact remains with phantom patients.
- Slings and casts are the reason.
- Brain maps develop representation of unmoving limb.
Frank Hopkinson
- Born 1889.
- August 1917 a bomb dropped from a plane.
- Infected
- Amputated once, then a second time later that year and another in 1927.
- Never able to use artificial limb
What are phantom limbs?
- When amputees experience itching, pain or any vivid sensation coming from their amputated limb
- Often stuck in rigid position
Ramachandran
Why phantom limbs occur
- Plasticity as an explanation to phantom limbs.
- Tom Sorenson (pseudonym) arm amputee.
- Itch he couldn't scratch.
- Q-tip stroke on face.
- Felt it on his cheek and hand at same time.
- MEG showed hand and face maps blurred together.
Introduction
- Nerves that used to be in the limb trick the brain (Holt, Bremner, Sutherland, Vliek, Passer and Smith, 2012)
- Stump left after amputation (Herta, 2002)
- Nerve memories (Melinda, 2013)
Conclusion
- Lord Admiral Nelson "soul"
- Silias Weir Mitchell, 1871
- Affects 90% of amputees
- 75% affected immediately
- Can last for any length of time
- Scientific experiments
- Somatic sensory cortex, exact cause not known
- Real condition, no precise treatment
Pharmacological approaches
Non-pharmacological approaches
- Analgesics
- Anesthetics
- Acetaminophen and Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)
- opioids
- Antidepressants
- Mirror Therapy
- Biofeedback, Integrative, and Behavioral Methods
- Surgical Intervention
- Prosthesis and myoelectric prosthesis
- Face massages
Which parts of the brain are involved?
What can studying the brain tell us about phantom limbs?