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References

Frozen/Paralyzed limbs

  • Paterson, 2014
  • Holt, Bremner, Sutherland, Vliek, Passer and Smith, 2012
  • Herta, 2002
  • Melinda, 2013
  • http://bio1152.nicerweb.com/Locked/media/ch49/49_16-MotorSensoryCorts-L.jpg
  • Doidge, N (2007)
  • Mitchell, S (1872)
  • Ramachandran, V, S (1996)
  • Boddice, R.B. (2014)
  • Pain from initial impact remains with phantom patients.
  • Slings and casts are the reason.
  • Brain maps develop representation of unmoving limb.

Frank Hopkinson

  • Born 1889.
  • August 1917 a bomb dropped from a plane.
  • Infected
  • Amputated once, then a second time later that year and another in 1927.
  • Never able to use artificial limb

What are phantom limbs?

  • When amputees experience itching, pain or any vivid sensation coming from their amputated limb
  • Often stuck in rigid position

Ramachandran

Why phantom limbs occur

  • Plasticity as an explanation to phantom limbs.
  • Tom Sorenson (pseudonym) arm amputee.
  • Itch he couldn't scratch.
  • Q-tip stroke on face.
  • Felt it on his cheek and hand at same time.
  • MEG showed hand and face maps blurred together.

Introduction

  • Nerves that used to be in the limb trick the brain (Holt, Bremner, Sutherland, Vliek, Passer and Smith, 2012)
  • Stump left after amputation (Herta, 2002)
  • Nerve memories (Melinda, 2013)

Conclusion

  • Lord Admiral Nelson "soul"
  • Silias Weir Mitchell, 1871
  • Affects 90% of amputees
  • 75% affected immediately
  • Can last for any length of time
  • Scientific experiments
  • Somatic sensory cortex, exact cause not known
  • Real condition, no precise treatment

Treatment

Pharmacological approaches

Non-pharmacological approaches

  • Analgesics
  • Anesthetics
  • Acetaminophen and Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)
  • opioids
  • Antidepressants
  • Mirror Therapy
  • Biofeedback, Integrative, and Behavioral Methods
  • Surgical Intervention
  • Prosthesis and myoelectric prosthesis
  • Face massages

Which parts of the brain are involved?

What can studying the brain tell us about phantom limbs?

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