Monitorial Schools
Common Schools
Elementary Schools
Academies
High Schools
Historical Foundations of Curriculum
Nineteenth-Century
European Educators
European thought influenced U.S. education
(Ornstein, et al, 2013, p. 60)
curriculum based on Darwinism and survival of the fittest
www.britannica.com/biography/Herbert-Spencer
Education through natural development and the senses
(Ornstein, et al, 2013, p. 63)
The Colonial Period
(Ornstein, et al, 2013, p. 61)
German educator who began the kindergarten movement focused on young children
(Ornstein, et al, 2013, p. 61)
1. preparation (referring to prior knowledge)
2. presentation (presents new lesson)
3. association (relating new material to prior knowledge)
4. systemization (illustrate using examples)
5. application (testing new ideas to determine mastery)
development of the Herbartian method that still serves as guidelines for the current classroom teacher
froebeleducation.com/page/3/
Current reading and writing emphasis is rooted in colonial educational values (Ornstein & Hunkins, 2013).
Universal Education
Schools derived from 1)legislation mandating that children be able to understand religion and law and 2)an act requiring a reading and writing teacher in a town populated with 50 or more.
No common language or religion; beginning roots of cultural pluralism.
Education left to families; large educational inequity due to system of slavery.
(Ornstein et al, 2013, p. 56)
(Ornstein, et al, 2013, p. 62-63)
"...mass education was necessary for intelligent participation in a political democracy" (Ornstein, et al, 2013, p. 64).
Town Schools
- Locally controlled
- "Crude, one-room structure"
- Age range: 5-14
- Irregular attendance
Parochial/Private Schools
- Predominately Middle colonies
- Focus on reading, writing, and religion
- Southern upper class students attended private schools
(Ornstein, et al, 2013, p. 56-57)
Downfalls
- Too mechanical
- Students cannot replace instructors
(Ornstein, et al, 2013, p. 64)
Based on Joseph Lancaster's education theory
(Ornstein, et al, 2013, p. 64)
Latin Grammar Schools
www.britannica.com/topic/education
- Established as preparation for college
- Prepared students for the professions
- Religious atmosphere present
- Colonial school that was most similar to European schools
Academies
- Established in 1971
- Practical curriculum for those not seeking college
- History was the main ethical study over religion
Colleges
Teacher instructed bright students, who then taught to their peers
- Latin grammar students usually attended Harvard or Yale
- Curriculum included "Latin, grammar, logic, rhetoric, arithmetic, astronomy, ethics, metaphysics, and natural sciences."
(Ornstein, et al, 2013, p. 57)
Benefits
- Freed the teacher from a large group
- Efficient
(Ornstein, et al, 2013, p. 64)
- Most popular on frontier
- Wanted free education for kids
The New England Primer
(Ornstein, et al, 2013, p.65)
- Schools under one authority
- Requiring a school board to have responsibility for local schools
- Published in 1690s
- Most commonly used textbook in the colonies
- Consisted of religious and moral doctrines
venezky.stanford.edu/colonial/
Textbooks
Colonial Hornbook
(Ornstein, et al, 2013, p. 64)
- Paddle-shaped board
- Memorized to learn to read
www.nhptv.org/authors/alphabet.asp
(Ornstein, et al, 2013, p. 58)
- Horace Mann advocated the school
- Rallied for support throughout community
(Ornstein, et al, 2013, p. 64-65)
- No consensus
- Trend-essential subjects (reading, spelling, math, etc.)
- 1825--"manners" and "moral" instruction
- 1875--morality lessons replaced with conduct
(Ornstein, et al, 2013, p. 65)
- More content was eventually added to the curriculum
- 1850-Geography and History
- 1875-Science, Visual Art, and Physical Education
- 1900-Nature Study, Music, and Homemaking
(Ornstein, et al, 2013, p. 65)
The National Period
- In 1870s, public high schools replaced academies
- Then served as finishing schools for ladies
- Early 1800s, replaced grammar schools
- Prepared students for life or college
(Ornstein, et al, 2013, p. 59)
(Ornstein, et al, 2013, p.67)
Transitional Period
- Did not become popular until after 1874
- Normalcy driven by "Kalamazoo Case"
(Ornstein, et al, 2013, p. 67)
- In 1900, low number attended high schools
- U.S. did not mimic European dual system
(Ornstein, et al, 2013, p. 67)
- Eventually served both "terminal" and "college-preparatory" students
(Ornstein, et al, 2013, p. 67, 69)
1893-1918
Three Committees to Determine Schools' Curricula
- An era of liberty and freedom woven into education
- Federal government gives states land for schools
- Religious influence reduced in curriculum
Flexner
- Supporter of modern curriculum
- science
- industry
- civics
- aesthetics
- Removal of Latin
- Morality, citizenship, and common schools (Harris)
- Track children based on abilities (Eliot)
- Began a movement to reformulate higher education (Eliot)
William Harris
Charles Eliot
(Ornstein, et al, 2013, p. 72-73)
(Ornstein, et al, 2013, p. 74-75)
us-education.net/987-harris-william-torrey-18351909.html
www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-William-Eliot
Educators of the Transitional Period
The Committee of Fifteen
Committee on College Entrance
- Influenced by Eliot and Harris
- Strict teacher authority
- Created the current norm of compartmentalization
Dewey
- Consisted of college presidents
- Strengthen the college-prep aspect of high school
- Credits that are still used today
- Democracy and Education
- Study of any subject can promote learning
- Science--rational inquiry
- Colleague of Dewey
- Prepare to deal with problems--not just gain knowledge
- Science and math can be applied to everyday life
(Ornstein, et al, 2013, p. 75)
(Ornstein, et al, 2013, p. 75-76)
(Ornstein, et al, 2013, p. 70)
The Committee of Ten
- Identified specific subjects for high school curriculum
- Tracked pre-college into one program and non-college-bound into another
(Ornstein, et al, 2013, p. 70)
www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/thomas-jefferson
- Encouraged U.S. to be independent thinkers
- Coined phrase "American English"
- Wrote spelling and reading books
- The American Dictionary
www.noahwebsterhouse.org/discover/noah-webster-history.htm
(Ornstein, et al, 2013, p. 60)
Developed an education plan that benefited economically disadvantaged students
Believed in educating a democratic society
(Ornstein, et al, 2013, p. 59)
www.archives.upenn.edu/people/1700s/rush_benj.html
Modern Curriculum
Vocational Education
- Classics are not necessarily of more value
- Aimed at making "good thinkers"
(Ornstein, et al, 2013, p. 74)
- Smith-Hughes Act of 1917
- Debate of the Middle Class Bias
- Outdated, needs revamping
(Ornstein, et al, 2013, p. 73-74)
Ideas of the Transitional Period
Outlined a plan for free elementary schools,academies, and colleges
Movement away from Greek and Latin to the sciences
Reorganization of Secondary Education
(Ornstein, et al, 2013, p. 59)
- The whole child
- Classical literature not frequent
- Decline of traditional education
(Ornstein, et al, 2013, p. 76)
Ornstein, A.C. & Hunkins, F. (2013). Curriculum: Foundations, principles, and issues (6th ed.). Boston: Pearson.
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