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Civil Liberties and Civil Rights
Equality Now
African Americans and Women:
Notable Gains v. Continued Struggles
De facto Discrimination: Discrimination that is the result of social, economic, or cultural biases or conditions.
De jure Discrimination: Discrimination based on the law.
Black Lives Matter Movement
How do you end discrimination?
AFFIRMATIVE ACTION!!!
Affirmative Action
- Affirmative Action:
- Deliberate effort to provide full and equal opportunities in:
- Employment
- Education
- Other areas where women, minorities, and others who are at a disadvantage
Types of Discrimination and Segregation
What are civil rights and what are civil liberties?
De facto means a state of affairs that is true in fact, but that is not officially sanctioned.
De jure means a state of affairs that is in accordance with law (i.e. that is officially sanctioned).
Civil Rights and Equality“All men are created equal?”
Struggle for Equality
Civil Liberties and Civil Rights
Slavery and the Civil War Amendment
13th = Abolished Slavery
14 = Guaranteed equal protection and due process.
15 = Gave African Americans the right to vote.
- Leads to Jim Crow Laws (Post 1877)
- Laws passed in the South that required separation of blacks and whites in society.
- Schools
- Public transportation
- Restaurants
- everything
Equality – One of the founding principles of our democracy, yet still unrealized.
What is equality?
In theory, Americans have equal rights; in practice, they are not equal and never have been.
Civil Rights = The right of every person to equal protection under the law and equal access to society’s opportunities and public facilities.
Civil Liberties = Individual rights that are protected from infringement by government.
Court Cases
- Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
- “Separate but equal”
- S. Court endorsed Jim Crow Laws
- The use of race as a criterion of exclusion in public matters was not unreasonable.
- In other words, segregation is legal.
- Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
- Overturns public segregation, technically.
The Civil Rights Movement
1955 – Bus Boycott in Montgomery, AL
1957 – Little Rock, AK Desegregation
1963 – March in Birmingham, AL led by MLK, Jr.
1963 – March on Washington, DC.
“I have a dream” speech.
Civil Rights Act
- Three civil rights acts were passed shortly after the Brown decision; did little to help the cause of blacks.
- Civil Rights Act of 1964
- Civil Rights Act of 1968
- Voting Rights Act of 1965
- Supposed to help end segregation.
- Question: How do you enforce this when the police are white?