Major Schools of Psychology

Psychoanalysis is primarily devoted to the study of human psychological functioning and behavior, although it also can be applied to societies.

- a method of investigation of the mind;

- a systematized set of theories about human behavior;

- a method of treatment of psychological or emotional illness.

Id, Ego, Superego

How about a bit of karaoke?

ID

According to Freud, our personality develops through various Psycho-sexual Stages. His revolutionary claim was that sexual desires begin in earliest childhood.

The concept of the LIBIDO is "a fundamental pleasure-seeking drive which unconsciously motivates us from the moment of our birth".

Free Associations Method

This method replaced hypnosis in Freud's therapy. It consists in gathering the free associations produced by the patient during the cure. These associations points to the inner conflicts and repressed drives included in neurotic symptoms.

Some Psychoanalytic Techniques

Let's say you are angry with a professor because he is very critical of you. Here's how the various defenses might hide and/or transform that anger

Defense Mechanisms

Transference and Countertransference

1. Psychoanalysis

Research areas (mainly with animals):

learning, reinforcement, behaviour modification, role-models.

Key figures:

Pavlov,

Thorndike,

Watson,

Skinner,

Wolpe,

Bandura,

Köhler

2) Behaviorism

3) Humanistic School

Unlike the other first three forces of psychology i.e psychoanalysis, behaviourism and humanistic psychology, transpersonal psychology integrates the whole spectrum of human development from prepersonality to transpersonality. Hence transpersonal psychology is called the most integrated complete psychology, a positive psychology.

4) Transpersonal School

The fully-functioning person according to Rogers

Rogerian Therapy

Characteristic features:

- Holistic, person-centered approach

- The therapists empathize with the client

- Everyone is basically good and has the capacity to resolve personal problems

1.  Congruence -- genuineness, honesty with the client.

2.  Empathy -- the ability to feel what the client feels.

3.  Respect -- acceptance, unconditional positive regard towards the client.

1) Openness to experience

It is the accurate perception of one's experiences in the world, including one's feelings. If you cannot be open to your feelings, you cannot be open to acualization. 

2) Existential living

This is living in the here-and-now. That doesn't mean we shouldn't remember and learn from our past.  Neither does it mean we shouldn't plan or even day-dream about the future.  Just recognize these things for what they are:  memories and dreams, which we are experiencing here in the present.

Carl Rogers (1902-1987)

Abraham Maslow (1908 - 1970)

3) Organismic trusting

We should trust ourselves, do what feels right, what comes natural. In other words, organismic trusting assumes you are in contact with the acutalizing tendency.

4) Experiential freedom

It means that we feel free when choices are available to us.  Rogers says that the fully-functioning person acknowledges that feeling of freedom, and takes responsibility for his choices.

5) Creativity

Creativity in the arts or sciences, through social concern and parental love, or simply by doing one's best at one's job.

Radical Behaviourists dismiss all mentalistic concepts and observe only external behaviour. They attempt to control the 'stimulus' and record the 'response' of an organism (S-R Psychology).

Classical Conditioning

Operant Conditioning

Insight Learning

Wolfgang Köhler’s monkeys

The banana was not directly accessible.

The monkeys used tools for reaching it.

Transpersonal psychology is a school of psychology that studies the transpersonal, self-transcendent or spiritual aspects of the human experience.

It attempts to describe and integrate the experiences of

- religion

- altered states of consciousness

- spiritual practices.

Main topics of Transpersonal Psychology

- the psychological and the spiritual,

- exceptional mental health and suffering,

- ordinary and non-ordinary states of consciousness,

- modern Western perspectives, Eastern perspectives, postmodern - insights, and worldviews of natural born traditions,

- analytical intellect, direct experience, and contemplative ways of of knowing.

Major Schools of Psychology

Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961)

Jungian Psychology

Jung: Swiss psychiatrist

Persona - Shadow

The founder of analytical psychology

The first modern psychologist to state that the human psyche is "by nature religious" and to explore it in depth.

He introduced the idea of collective unconscious into psychology.

THANK Y

U

Dr. János Kollár

associate professor

Semmelweis University

Institute of Behavioral Sciences

Adler’s Individual Psychology

Alfred Adler (1870-1937)

Austrian psychologist.

He studied inferiority, superiority, associated complexes and compensation. His notion of inferiority is that all children experience a sense of inferiority because of their size, birth order and dependence on others. He said that this inferiority will lead to attempts at overcoming the perceived weakness, or otherwise compensating. He believed that this process is motivated by the generalized drive known as "striving for superiority".

ID = I want (BIOLOGICAL) - Instinct

EGO = I can (PSYCHOLOGICAL) - Intelligence

SUPEREGO = I ought (SOCIAL / MORAL) - Institutional v. Individual!

The Conscious and Unconscious Mind

Id: The home of unconscious impulses which seek

IMMEDIATE expression and gratification - known as

THE PLEASURE PRINCIPLE.

Ego: mediates between the savage ID and the rules of reality. This is Freud's REALITY PRINCIPLE.

Superego: sees what the Id and Ego are up to and so

suppresses them. This is the GUILT PRINCIPLE

which 'pricks our consciousness' when we do wrong.

Interpretation of Symbols

Interpretation of Dreams

For example the bridge „means the male organ, which unites the two parents in sexual intercourse; but afterwards it develops further meanings which are derived from this first one. In so far as it is thanks to the male organ that we are able to come into the world at all, out of the amniotic fluid, a bridge becomes the crossing from the other world (the unborn state, the womb) to this world (life); and, since men also picture death as a return to the womb (to the water), a bridge also acquires the meaning of something that leads to death, and finally, at a further remove from its original sense, it stands for transitions or changes in condition generally.”

From New Introductory Lessons on Psychoanalysis written by Sigmund Freud

The royal road to the (knowledge) of the unconscious. Freud’s work the Interpretation of Dreams was published in 1900.

The Interpretation of Faulty Acts

(Freudian Slips and Mistakes)

They are common mistakes such as forgetting names, projects or book titles, lecture errors such as reading instead of the word written in a newspaper another one, pronunciation errors, when instead of saying the word we want to say we say another one, writing errors - when we write something else than what we had intended.

1.) ORAL - during the first year of life the libido is gratified through stimulation of the mucous membrane of the mouth (breast feeding, sucking behaviour).

2) ANAL - (2nd/3rd years) pleasure gained from anus by excretion and retention of faeces.

Rationalization

Reaction formation

You come up with various explanations

to justify the situation (while denying your feelings).

"He's so critical because he's trying to help us do our best."

Sublimation

You redirect the feeling into a socially productive activity.

"I'm going to write a poem about anger."

Projection

You turn the feeling into its opposite.

"I think he's really great!"

You think someone else has your thought or feeling.

"That professor hates me."

"That student hates the prof."

ELECTRA COMPLEX

OF THE FEMALE CHILD

Suppression

3.) PHALLIC (3rd/4th years) erotic pleasure from the genitals.

You are vaguely aware of the thought or feeling, but try to hide it.

"I'm going to try to be nice to him."

For females, Freud crudely reversed the process for girls. That is, she desires to kill her mother and sleep with her father. Her anxiety is that she believes she has already been castrated. Thus girls have PENIS ENVY. She therefore identifies with her mother in order to gain male affection.

Defense mechanisms protect us from being consciously aware of a thought or feeling which we cannot tolerate. The defense only allows the unconscious thought or feeling to be expressed indirectly in a disguised form.

Sigmund Freud

(1856 - 1938)

4.) LATENCY / FORGETFUL (5 years to puberty) the period when psychosexual desires are inactive or forgotten until puberty.

OEDIPUS COMPLEX OF THE MALE CHILD

A boy has an unconscious desire (within the ID) to kill his father and sleep with his mother. But fears that his powerful father will act against him = CASTRATION ANXIETY.

This dilemma has a double effect: a. the boy represses his erotic feelings toward his mother; and

b. he identifies with his father as a powerful figure in order to gain his mother's affection.

Regression

You revert to an old, usually immature behavior to ventilate your feeling.

"Let's shoot spitballs at people!"

Undoing

You try to reverse or undo your feeling by DOING something that indicates the opposite feeling. It may be an "apology" for the feeling you find unacceptable within yourself.

"I think I'll give that professor an apple."

Isolation of affect

5.) PUBERTY - development of heterosexual behaviour

You "think" the feeling but don't really feel it.

"I guess I'm angry with him, sort of."

Displacement

You redirect your feelings to another target..

"I hate that secretary."

You completely reject the thought or feeling.

"I'm not angry with him!"

"This situation reminds me of how Nietzsche said that anger is ontological despair."

A type of rationalization, only more intellectualized.

Intellectualization

Denial

ual development

sex

Psycho

Transference is a phenomenon in psychoanalysis characterized by unconscious redirection of feelings for one person to another. (For example the patient says to the doctor: “You look like my grandson.”)

Countertransference is defined as redirection of a therapist's/doctor’s feelings toward a client/patient. (For example the doctor unconsciously accepts the role and starts to behave as he was the grandson of the patient.)

Countertransference can be avoided by raising the mechanism to a conscious level!