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Ancient Peruvians practice trepanning as early brain surgery
The practice is only stopped by the conquest by the Portuguese in the 16th century
Romans invented many surgical instruments and the use of forceps, scalpels, cautery, cross-bladed scissors, the surgical needle, and specula.
Doctors:
One of the most important doctors in the Renaissance period was William Harvey
Ambroise Pare: Used the ancient Roman turpentine remedy& realized that it was more effective than boiling oil.
When cauterization during amputation was a thing at the time and he introduced ligature of arteries to replace it.
Andreas Vesalius: Carried out dissections
The first known Greek medical school opened in Cnidus in 700 BC.
After the fall of the Roman Empire Europe
descended into the Dark Ages. Much of what
was learned was forgotten as superstitions
crept back. People were taught that diseases
were a punishment from God. Those who suffered
from mental illness were believed to be possessed
by evil spirits. There were very few medical advances
during the dark ages.
From the Stone Age to Islamic Period, people believed that the Egyptian doctors were the best in the Western World.
Persian physician Rhazes is the first to identify smallpox, as distinguished from measles, and to suggest blood as the cause of infectious disease.
William Harvey publishes 'An Anatomical Study of the Motion of the Heart and of the Blood in Animals', describing how blood is pumped throughout the body by the heart, and then returns to the heart and recirculates.
Dutch lens grinder Zacharius Jannssen invents the microscope.
James Lind , a Scottish naval surgeon, discovers that citrus fruits prevent scurvy. He publishes his Treatise of the Scurvy in 1754, identifying the cure for this common and dangerous disease of sailors.
Insulin is first used to treat diabetes.
Boston dentist
Dr. William Morton
demonstrates ether's
anesthetic properties
during a tooth extraction.
2008
Felix Hoffman develops aspirin (acetyl salicylic acid). The juice from willow tree bark had been used as early as 400 BCE to relieve pain.
Birth of Hippocrates, Greek physician and founder of one of the first universities. Considered the father of medicine. Hippocrates bases medicine on observation and reasoning rather than superstition. The Hippocratic Oath, which all doctors have to take before practising medicine, is named after him.
Scottish bacteriologist
Sir Alexander Fleming
discovers penicillin.
1996
British obstetrician James Blundell performs the first successful transfusion of human blood.
1918
First Vaccine for chicken pox
Sir Humphry Davy announces the anesthetic properties of nitrous oxide.
The Catholic Church forbade dissections and any kind of scientific exploration of the body.
Europe was hit by a terrible epidemic called the Black Death. 75% of the population of Europe died in 20 years. Doctors had no idea how to treat the plague.
The 'Spanish Flu', a highly infectious influenza virus, spreads around the world infecting 500 million people. 50 million people die in two years. More than in World War One (1914-1918)
HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, is identified.
1928
1747
Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch establish the germ theory of disease. According to germ theory, a specific disease is caused by a specific organism. Before this doctors would perform autopsies on people who died of infectious diseases and then care for living patients without washing their hands, not realizing that they were therefore transmitting the disease.
1867
1974
1922
1899
1800
1818
Paul Zoll develops the first cardiac pacemaker to control irregular heartbeat in
Dr. William DeVries implants the Jarvik-7 artificial heart into patient Barney Clark. Clark lives 112 days.
James Watson and Francis Crick at Cambridge University describe the structure of the DNA molecule.
1953
1952
First vaccine for cholera.
1879
1982
?
Karl Landsteiner introduces a system to classify
blood into A, B, AB and O
1901
1906
1897
1895
Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins suggests the
existence of vitamins and concludes they are
essential to health.
Ronald Ross, a British officer in the Indian Medical Service, demonstrates that malaria parasites are transmitted via mosquitoes.
South African heart surgeon Dr. Christiaan Barnard performs the first human heart transplant.
1967
Joseph Lister publishes 'Antiseptic Principle of the Practice of Surgery'. Lister was convinced of the need for cleanliness in the operating room. He develops antiseptic surgical methods, using carbolic acid to clean wounds and surgical instruments.
René Laënnec invents the stethoscope.
1870
Experimenting on dogs, English architect Sir Christopher Wren is the first to administer medications intravenously by means of an animal bladder attached to a sharpened quill.
1937
1796
1978
1846
First test-tube baby is born in the U.K.
460 BCE
Bernard Fantus starts the first blood bank at Cook County Hospital in Chicago.
1816
1348
Edward Jenner develops a method to protect people from smallpox by exposing them to the cowpox virus. In his famous experiment, he rubs puss from a dairymaid's cowpox postule into scratches on the arm of his gardener's 8-year-old son, and then exposes him to smallpox six weeks later (which he does not develop). The process becomes known as vaccination from the Latin vacca for cow.
German physicist Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen discovers X-rays.
1656
Dolly the sheep becomes the first mammal cloned from an adult cell.
2007
Scientists discover how to use human skin cells to create embryonic stem cells.
1983
Bird and swine flu epidemics spread through the world.
1628
1590
910
2011
1200-500 BCE
A team at the Wake Forest Institute
for Regenerative Medicine in the US,
have developed a “bio-printer”. The
device contains a laser that scans a
patient’s wound to measure its
dimensions. Then a computer controls
the release of skin cells, which are
sprayed directly onto the wound.
1000
1250
500
1750
1 CE
750
1500
2000
250 BCE
250
2000 BC: Yellow Emperor, Huang Di, and Shen-nong implemented the first uses of herbs and theories that became the basis of some later development. These guys were credited for making medical practice instruments such as utensils.