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Ancient Peruvians practice trepanning as early brain surgery

The practice is only stopped by the conquest by the Portuguese in the 16th century

The History of Medicine

Romans invented many surgical instruments and the use of forceps, scalpels, cautery, cross-bladed scissors, the surgical needle, and specula.

Doctors:

One of the most important doctors in the Renaissance period was William Harvey

Ambroise Pare: Used the ancient Roman turpentine remedy& realized that it was more effective than boiling oil.

When cauterization during amputation was a thing at the time and he introduced ligature of arteries to replace it.

Andreas Vesalius: Carried out dissections

The first known Greek medical school opened in Cnidus in 700 BC.

After the fall of the Roman Empire Europe

descended into the Dark Ages. Much of what

was learned was forgotten as superstitions

crept back. People were taught that diseases

were a punishment from God. Those who suffered

from mental illness were believed to be possessed

by evil spirits. There were very few medical advances

during the dark ages.

From the Stone Age to Islamic Period, people believed that the Egyptian doctors were the best in the Western World.

Persian physician Rhazes is the first to identify smallpox, as distinguished from measles, and to suggest blood as the cause of infectious disease.

William Harvey publishes 'An Anatomical Study of the Motion of the Heart and of the Blood in Animals', describing how blood is pumped throughout the body by the heart, and then returns to the heart and recirculates.

Dutch lens grinder Zacharius Jannssen invents the microscope.

James Lind , a Scottish naval surgeon, discovers that citrus fruits prevent scurvy. He publishes his Treatise of the Scurvy in 1754, identifying the cure for this common and dangerous disease of sailors.

Insulin is first used to treat diabetes.

Boston dentist

Dr. William Morton

demonstrates ether's

anesthetic properties

during a tooth extraction.

2008

Felix Hoffman develops aspirin (acetyl salicylic acid). The juice from willow tree bark had been used as early as 400 BCE to relieve pain.

Birth of Hippocrates, Greek physician and founder of one of the first universities. Considered the father of medicine. Hippocrates bases medicine on observation and reasoning rather than superstition. The Hippocratic Oath, which all doctors have to take before practising medicine, is named after him.

Scottish bacteriologist

Sir Alexander Fleming

discovers penicillin.

1996

British obstetrician James Blundell performs the first successful transfusion of human blood.

1918

First Vaccine for chicken pox

Sir Humphry Davy announces the anesthetic properties of nitrous oxide.

The Catholic Church forbade dissections and any kind of scientific exploration of the body.

Europe was hit by a terrible epidemic called the Black Death. 75% of the population of Europe died in 20 years. Doctors had no idea how to treat the plague.

The 'Spanish Flu', a highly infectious influenza virus, spreads around the world infecting 500 million people. 50 million people die in two years. More than in World War One (1914-1918)

HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, is identified.

1928

1747

Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch establish the germ theory of disease. According to germ theory, a specific disease is caused by a specific organism. Before this doctors would perform autopsies on people who died of infectious diseases and then care for living patients without washing their hands, not realizing that they were therefore transmitting the disease.

1867

1974

1922

1899

1800

1818

Paul Zoll develops the first cardiac pacemaker to control irregular heartbeat in

Dr. William DeVries implants the Jarvik-7 artificial heart into patient Barney Clark. Clark lives 112 days.

James Watson and Francis Crick at Cambridge University describe the structure of the DNA molecule.

1953

1952

First vaccine for cholera.

1879

1982

?

Karl Landsteiner introduces a system to classify

blood into A, B, AB and O

1901

1906

1897

1895

Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins suggests the

existence of vitamins and concludes they are

essential to health.

Ronald Ross, a British officer in the Indian Medical Service, demonstrates that malaria parasites are transmitted via mosquitoes.

South African heart surgeon Dr. Christiaan Barnard performs the first human heart transplant.

1967

Joseph Lister publishes 'Antiseptic Principle of the Practice of Surgery'. Lister was convinced of the need for cleanliness in the operating room. He develops antiseptic surgical methods, using carbolic acid to clean wounds and surgical instruments.

René Laënnec invents the stethoscope.

1870

Experimenting on dogs, English architect Sir Christopher Wren is the first to administer medications intravenously by means of an animal bladder attached to a sharpened quill.

1937

1796

1978

1846

First test-tube baby is born in the U.K.

460 BCE

Bernard Fantus starts the first blood bank at Cook County Hospital in Chicago.

1816

1348

Edward Jenner develops a method to protect people from smallpox by exposing them to the cowpox virus. In his famous experiment, he rubs puss from a dairymaid's cowpox postule into scratches on the arm of his gardener's 8-year-old son, and then exposes him to smallpox six weeks later (which he does not develop). The process becomes known as vaccination from the Latin vacca for cow.

German physicist Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen discovers X-rays.

1656

Dolly the sheep becomes the first mammal cloned from an adult cell.

2007

Scientists discover how to use human skin cells to create embryonic stem cells.

1983

Bird and swine flu epidemics spread through the world.

1628

1590

910

2011

1200-500 BCE

A team at the Wake Forest Institute

for Regenerative Medicine in the US,

have developed a “bio-printer”. The

device contains a laser that scans a

patient’s wound to measure its

dimensions. Then a computer controls

the release of skin cells, which are

sprayed directly onto the wound.

1000

1250

500

1750

1 CE

750

1500

2000

250 BCE

250

2000 BC: Yellow Emperor, Huang Di, and Shen-nong implemented the first uses of herbs and theories that became the basis of some later development. These guys were credited for making medical practice instruments such as utensils.

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