Taiping and Boxer rebellion
Boxer Rebellion
small idea 1861-1895
- they were called “Boxers” due to the martial arts and calisthenics/gymnastics they practiced. The Boxers’ primary feature is SPIRIT POSSESSION. When the spirit possession had been achieved, the boxers claimed to be impervious to bullet and cannon shots.
- They believed through training, diet, martial arts and prayer they could perform extraordinary things, such as flight.
- Consisted of local farmers/peasants and other workers made desperate by disastrous floods and widespread OPIUM ADDICTION, and laid the blame on Christian missionaries, Chinese Christians, and the Europeans colonizing their country.
self strengthening movement
- There was an increase of western countries in china's economy and began a resistance to western customs.
- anti foreign sentiment and chinese nationalism
- led to the boxer rebellion led by the society called harmonious fists (Shandong province)
- Emperor Dowager was on their side cause she didnt want anymore invasions from western nations.
- 1900- boxers invade Beijing. In Beijing the boxers attacked foreign embassies, including those of Britain, Germany, Japan, Russia and the united states, while chinese troops watched the events.
in response to the loss of the opium wars in 1842, unequal treaties with western countries and internal rebellions, the self strengthening movement arose.
Taiping Rebellion
- advocated by scholar administrators such as:
Li Hongzhang and Zuo Zongtang
Opium War & Treaty of Nanjing
Self strengthening movement
Opium Wars ^(@.@)^
- Dowager Empress Tz'u (Hsi/cixi)
- The 1st imperial ruler of china to agree that china could learn from the west
- Supported self strengthening movement.
Early Life
He was interested in scholarships at an early age, so his family made financial sacrifices to provide a formal education for him, in the hope that he could one day complete all of the civil service examinations. Hong started studying at a school called Book Chamber House at the age of seven. He was able to recite the Four Books after five or six years. At around the age of 15, his parents were no longer able to afford his education, so he became a tutor to children in his village and continued to study privately.
basic idea
Open Door policy
Opium: A reddish-brown heavy-scented addictive drug prepared from the juice of the opium poppy, used as a narcotic and in medicine as an analgesic.
- 1839- The chinese burned tons of opium in canton.
- 1842- The British surrounded Canton and defeated the Chinese.
- The Chinese lost Hong Kong to the British.
- An international relief force arrived known as the Eight Power Allied Force, they put down the rebellion.
- US foreign secretary John Hay made a policy called the open door policy allowing all nations access to chinese markets.
- They established modern institutions in China, including capitalistic practices, modernized the military, industries, communications, and transportation based on western models.
- movement not successful.
Why it wasn't successful
- china failed to understand the difference between their history and western experiences about the political structures and social movements the westerns had. it was also prevented by the constant influence of Neo-Confucianism on the bureaucracy and the constant intrusions from the europeans & americans.
- The treaty forced the Chinese to open other ports to the British.
- The Qing in China had to manage issues related to an increase of Europeans in China.
- 1793- The Europeans asked for more privileges, but the chinese didn't pay attention
- 1800- They forbade the importation of opium.
- 1830s- The Chinese were no longer the best with the trade market
- Hong Xiuquan led the taiping rebellion, the son of a poor farmer near Canton
- failed civil service exams twice (nervous breakdown). when he woke up he believed he was Gods son.
- he led a new christian sect, known as the god worshipers (peasants)
- he believed that the overthrow of the Manchu Qing dynasty would bring about the kingdom of heaven.
- 1844- French and Americans also had a trading connection in China.
Xinhai Revolution/chinese revolution
Taiping Rebellion (continued)
Opium War II & treaty of Tientsin
Europeans in China
- 1830s- chinese no longer masters of the trade market.
October 1911- A group of revolutionaries in southern China led a successful revolt against the Qing Dynasty, establishing in its place the Republic of China and ending the imperial system.
- 1856- The French & British fight against China (china loses)
Europeans had the advantage and they wanted fewer taxes on their goods and the right to trade opium.
why?
Sino-Japanese war I (1 August 1894 – 17 April 1895)
- 1840s- Hong Xiuquans followers began to collect weapons and develop a military structure
- 1850s- The government saw them as a threat big enough to attack them. (God worshipers win)
- 1851- Hong Xiuquan declared that the kingdom of Heavenly peace had been founded.
The movement failed to maintain authority in the areas it conquered and Hong withdrew from public life.
- 1864- Hong commits suicide (20 year long rebellion over)
China vs. Japan for korea
- 1858- Opened new ports to trading and allowed foreigners with passports to travel in China.
- The Chinese granted Christians the right to spread their faith and own property.
- china was very weak and at the time Empress Cixi had not wanted to reform.
- middle class was discontent with the way china was being ran
- people were hungry; frequent floods and famine
The First Sino-Japanese War was fought between the Qing Empire of China and the Empire of Japan, primarily over control of Korea. After more than six months of unbroken successes by Japanese land and naval forces and the loss of the Chinese port of Weihaiwei, the Qing government set for peace in February 1895.
The war demonstrated the failure of the Qing Empire's attempts to modernize its military and fend off threats to its supreme power, especially when compared with Japan's successful Meiji Restoration.
The word "Meiji" means "enlightened rule" and the goal was to combine "modern advances" with the traditional, "eastern" values.
Xinhai Revolution
Sino-Japanese war II (July 7, 1937 – September 9, 1945)
- a civil war began weather yuan Shikai or Sun Yat-sen should rule.
- The brief civil war ended through a political compromise between Yuan Shikai, the late Qing military strongman, and Sun Yat-sen, the leader of the Tongmenghui (United League).
- A provisional alliance government was created along with the National Assembly. However, political power of the new national government in Beijing was soon thereafter monopolized by Yuan and led to decades of political division and warlordism, including several attempts at imperial restoration.
- japan wanted to gain more land so they basically try to conquer China.
- japan surrenders.
- This war merged into World War II, after Japan attacked Pearl Harbor in 1941.
- A normal raindrop falls at about 7 miles per hour.
- All the swans in England are property of the Queen.
- Nutmeg is extremely poisonous if injected intravenously.
- Non-dairy creamer is flammable.
In 1904, by combining republican, nationalist, and socialist objectives, the Tongmenghui came up with their political goal: to expel the Tatar barbarians, to revive Zhonghua, to establish a Republic, and to distribute land equally among the people.
- A duck’s quack doesn’t echo, and no one knows why.
- monopolized- personal possession
- warlordism- aggressive comander.
- Camel’s have three eyelids.