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Ch 32, Sec 5 - Things to Know

  • 1. World War II left _____ people dead.
  • 2. What important principle did the Nuremburg Trials demonstrate?
  • 3. One key provision of the Japanese constitution was ___ which stated that the Japanese could no longer make war.
  • After six long years, the Allies finally were victorious. This victory came at a high cost.
  • It caused more death and destruction than any other conflict in history.
  • 1. 60 million deaths. 1/3 occurred in the Soviet Union.
  • 50 million civilians were uprooted and forced to roam the countrysides for shelter.
  • 40 million Europeans had died. 2/3 were civilians.
  • Property damage ran into the billions in U.S. dollars.
  • Few cities left undamaged in Europe- Paris, Rome and Brussels.
  • The Battle of Britain destroyed large parts of London.
  • Warsaw, the capital of Poland, was almost completely destroyed.
  • Central Berlin had been 95 percent destroyed by Allied bombings.
  • The people that tried to live within the cities lived with no electricity, water, and very little food. They lived in partially destroyed homes or apartments.
  • Refugees and concentration camp survivors were forced to roam the county finding any place to stay.
  • The misery in Europe continued after the war. Farms were destroyed and could not produce any substantial harvests.
  • People died from starvation, famine, and disease.

The Marshall Plan

  • provided food, machinery, and direct financial aid to war torn countries in Europe.
  • Countries under communism refused aid.
  • This plan helped rebuild and establish stability in Europe after WWII.
  • The U.S. was able to help because it had not been directly affected by the war.
  • After WWII, people saw the devastation that their government brought on their countries.
  • A return to those governments in places-like Germany, Italy, and France- were not desirable.
  • The Communist Party promised change and millions were ready to listen.
  • As the economy was regaining strength, communist support started to decline.

The Nuremberg Trials

  • 1945-'46, International Military Tribunal representing 23 nations put Nazi war criminals on trial.
  • 2. The trials proved that national leaders could be held accountable for wartime actions.
  • 22 Nazi leaders were charged with waging war of aggression. They were also charged with committing, "crimes against humanity", the murder of 11 million people.
  • Many leaders cheated their punishments by committing suicide.
  • The leaders that were convicted either received a life sentence or were hung.
  • The bodies were burned in the same ovens that they had burned so many of their victims.
  • Japan had suffered a horrible defeat.
  • 2 million lives were lost, the countries major cities had been destroyed, including the capital.
  • Two atomic bombs have blackened the land.
  • The Allies had stripped Japan of its colonial empire.

Occupied Japan

  • General Douglas MacArthur took charge of the U.S. occupation of Japan.
  • He decided to be fair and not plant future seeds of war.
  • He began the process of demilitarization, or disbanding the Japanese armed forces. He also brought war criminals to trial.
  • Out of the 25 surviving defendants, Hideki Tojo and six others were condemned to hang.
  • MacArthur turned his attention to democratization, the process of creating a government elected by the people.
  • MacArthur and his advisers drew up a new constitution. It changed the empire into a constitutional monarchy like Great Britain.
  • The Japanese accepted it and it went into effect on May 3rd, 1947.
  • Other MacArthur reforms included broadening land ownership, giving people the right to independent labor unions.

Occupation Brings Deep Changes

  • The new constitution was the most important achievement of the occupation.
  • The new constitution guaranteed that real political power rested with the people.
  • Two house parliament called the Diet.
  • All citizens over 20, including women, had the right to vote.
  • The govt was led by a prime minister chosen by a majority of the Diet.
  • 3. Article 9 of the constitution stated that the Japanese could no longer make war. They could fight only if attacked.

  • In September 1951, the U.S and 47 other nations signed a formal peace treaty with Japan.
  • With no armed forces, the Japanese agreed to a continuing U.S. military presence to protect their country.
  • WWII changed the political landscape of Europe.
  • The Soviet Union and The United States emerged from the war as the world's two major powers.
  • However their postwar goals were very different...

Ch 32, Sec 5

Europe and Japan in Ruins

Postwar Governments and Politics

Setting the Stage

Postwar Japan

Devastation in Europe

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