The Evolution of ICT and ICT today

• Johann Guttenberg – Movable metal-type printing process in 1450.

The first general purpose computers

John Napier – (1614)

• a Baron of Merchiston, Scotland invented LOGS (Logarithm).

• Napier’s bones are numbered rods which can be used to perform multiplication of any numbered by a number 2-9.

• Multiple sets of bones were needed for multiplication of numbers containing repeated digits.

• The technique was also called rabdology.

• Napier published his version in 1617 in rabdology

• LOGS – allows multiplication and division to be reduce in addition and subtraction.

• 1614 – Arabian Lattice – lays out a special version of the multiplication tables on a set of four-sided wooden rods.(multiply, divide large numbers and find square and cube root)

Wilhelm Shickard – 1623 - (Professor at University of Tubingen, Germany) – invented the first mechanical calculator that can work with six digits and can carries digits across columns.

Blaise Pascal (1642)

• invented the Pascaline. (made of clock gears and levers) that could solve mathematical problems like addition and subtraction.

• Invented by blaisepascal in the early 17th century.

• A numerical wheel calculator user eight moveable dials to add up to eight figures long.

• It can be used only for addition and substraction.

• Easier to use compare to napier’s bone

• Gottfried Leibniz – (1617)

• invented Stepped Reckoner that could multiply 5 digit and 12 digit numbers yielding up to 16 digit numbers.

Joseph-Marie Jacquard (1801)

• developed the automatic loom (weaving loom) that was controlled by punched cards.

Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar -1820

• developed Arithmometer (the first mass produced calculator)

• The first digital mechanical caluculator.

• Patented in france by Thomas de calmor in 1820 and manufactured from 1851-1951.

• It can perform addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.

• Consisted of 3 parts, corcerned with setting, counting, and recording respectively

Charles Babbage

• invented the difference engine (1821) and analytical engine (1832).

• Father of modern computer.

• A difference engine is an automatic mechanical calculator designed to tabulate polynomial functions and print the results.

• It was conceived by j.h Mueller in 1786 and was remaked by Charles Babbage.

• Can be considered as the first’s computer.

• The first engine was never completed and is stored in the museum in London.

This is the age where they discovered the ways to harness electricity and this discovery is the key advance and made during this period.and knowledge and information could convert the electrical impulses. And this is the beginning of Telecommunication

An electric battery composed of a primary cell or cells.

The inventor of the Voltaic battery is Alessandro Volta, and this device is the first source of stored electricity in the 8th Century

Telephone is a Telecommunication device that is used by two person and it allows them to talk even if there’s a huge distance between them and while radio is a technology that uses radio waves to carry information like sounds

in the 10th of march 1876 the first Successful bi-directional transmission of clear speech by bell and Watson was made

Telegraph is a kind of device that is use for transmitting and receiving messages over a huge or long distance.

the first ever invented telegraph was made in the year 1832 and on 1815 another experiment version was made by Samuel F.J Morse.

The electronic age is what we currently live in. It can be defined as the time between 1940 and right now. The ENIAC was the first high-speed, digital computer capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems. This computer was designed to be used by the U.S. Army for artillery firing tables. This machine was even bigger than the Mark 1 taking up 680 square feet and weighing 30 tons - HUGE. It mainly used vacuum tubes to do its calculations.

Atanasoff-Berry Computer, the ABC started being developed by Professor John Vincent Atanasoff and graduate student Cliff Berry in1937 and continued to be developed until 1942 at the Iowa State College (now Iowa State University). On October 19, 1973, US Federal Judge Earl R. Larson signed his decision that the ENIAC patent by Eckert and Mauchly was invalid and named Atanasoff the inventor of the electronic digital computer

The early British computer known as the EDSAC is considered to be the first stored program electronic computer. The computer performed its first calculation on May 6, 1949 and was the computer that ran the first graphical computer game.

In 1975 Ed Roberts coined the term personal computer when he introduced the Altair 8800. Although the first personal computer is considered to be the Kenback-1, which was first introduced for $750 in 1971. The computer relied on a series of switches for inputting data and output data by turning on and off a series of lights.

The Micral is considered the be the first commercial non-assembly computer. The computer used the Intel 8008 processor and sold for $1,750 in 1973.

Although never sold the first workstation is considered to be the Xerox Alto, introduced in 1974. The computer was revolutionary for its time and included a fully functional computer, display, and mouse. The computer operated like many computers today utilizing windows, menus and icons as an interface to its operating system.

The first portable computer or laptop is considered to be the Osborne I, a portable computer developed by Adam Osborne that weighed 24 pounds, a 5-inch display, 64 KB of memory, two 5 1/4" floppy drives, and a modem.

In 1953 IBM shipped its first electric computer, the 701. Later IBM introduced its first personal computer called the "IBM PC" in 1981. The computer was code named and still sometimes referred to as the "Acorn" and had a 8088 processor, 16 KB of memory, which was expandable to 256 and utilizing MS-DOS.

The first PC clone was developed by Compaq, the "Compaq Portable" was release in March 1983 and was 100% compatible with IBM computers and software that ran on IBM computers.

Steve Wozniak designed the first Apple known as the Apple I computer in 1976.

The first computer company was the Electronic Controls Company and was founded in 1949 by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly, the same individuals who helped create the ENIAC computer. The company was later renamed to EMCC or Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation and released a series of mainframe computers under the UNIVAC name.

In 1992 Tandy Radio Shack becomes one of the first companies to release a computer based on the MPC standard with its introduction of the M2500 XL/2 and M4020 SX computers.

* Fusion of hardware equipment, precise software, GUI and efctive communications network is the PRESENT composition of the ICT network.

* The most used information system today is the World Wide Web. World Wide Web is a system. It is used daily by people for such instructions, directions, informations and even entertainment.

* Internet apps and internet browsers serve as tools for communicating and transmitting information from one point to another.

The World Wide Web

* System that enables you to hypertext documents and and other files over the internet.

* The technology was proposed by Tim Berners-Lee in 1989, wherein a database and interface will be implemented to associate links in readable documents.

* During the previous system, documents are numbered with addresses that should be inputted to retrieve file. Meaning to say that before you are able to get a certain file, there will be documents with certain numbers and addresses to put. This is called WEB 1.0 also called, read-only Web.

* Web 1.0, where the information or hypertext file is accessed by the user. There were no other features except to read or view the content. It underwent multiple innovations until they came up with Web 2.0

* Web 2.0 is the read and write web. It enabled users to edit the content of the files they were accessing. Blogging gained popularity during this period..

* Today, we have the web 3.0 of the semantic executing web being developed. It is said to be a wiser access of hypertext files and a version that would enable a wide range of search in a fast way.

* ICT produced another high impact user application called social media. These applications started together with the Web 2.0 used in communicating and socializing with other app users in virtual communities and networks.

* A lot of social media applications have been developed throughout the years and some were removed depending on the efct to it's users.

* Examples are Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat and some are removed like Friendster since Facebook stepped up to the game.

* The social media contains different formats like blogs, enterprise social networks, forums, photo sharing sites etc.

Because of these new technologies we can now enjoy movies,video conferencing, educational purposes, businesses, industrial, communication, mobile devices, etc.

SOURCES:

The Evolution of ICT

and ICT today

http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/tech/MobileCommunications/IMT_INTRODUCING/IMT_ICTEvolution.html

https://www.phy.ornl.gov/csep/ov/node9.html

https://www.phy.ornl.gov/csep/ov/node9.htmlhttp://openbookproject.net/courses/intro2ict/history/history.html

http://5gcom.blogspot.com/2008/06/mechanical-age-1450-1840.html

Evolution of Computers

1980’s – This is the beginning where modern computers took place.

1981 – IBM released the IBM PC

Evolution of Windows

2001 – Microsoft released Windows XP then later Windows Vista

1983 – Apple released Lisa and then Macintosh

2009 – Microsoft got it right with Windows 7

1985 – Windows then released Windows 1.0

1995- Windows 95 was released and Apple released the iMac although it didn’t hurt Microsoft that much

2001 – Apple released their most powerful system which is the MAC OSX

In modern society ICT is ever-present, with over three billion people having access to the Internet. With approximately 8 out of 10 Internet users owning a smartphone, information and data are increasing by leaps and bounds This rapid growth, especially in developing countries, has led ICT to become a keystone of everyday life, in which life without some facet of technology renders most of clerical, work and routine tasks dysfunctional.

Personal Computer

The Social Media

Personal computers

You will be most familiar with the personal computers that you use in

schools and at home that you use for tasks such as writing reports or letters

in a word-processor, doing calculations or data modelling in spreadsheets,

photo and video editing or playing games. These personal computers are

often connected together on a network and the internet which also allows

them to be used for searching the World Wide Web, sending and receiving

email messages, accessing chat rooms or instant messaging, writing blogs

and using social networking sites

Digital computers

ICT SYSTEMS

A QUICK JOURNEY FROM THE PAST!

Analogue Computers

Modern computers are not mechanical but are electronic and, while some

analogue computers are used in universities for research, most computers

now are digital.

Computers can follow or execute a set of prewritten or recorded

instruct ions, called a program, and respond to commands entered by a user.

All computers used today have the same basic structure, although the

way the components are arranged in the structure differs depending on the

use to which the computer will be put. The photos show some examples of

modern computers:

Analogue computers existed long before digital computers were invented.

Guns were targeted using mechanical analogue computers during World

War I and the Korean War by the United States Army Air Force.

What is a computer?

A computer is a programmable machine that follows a set of instructions.

Early computers were mechanical with levers and cogs such as Charles

Babbage’s Difference Engine which was an automated, mechanical calculator,

large enough to fill a small room! Babbage’s Analytical Engine was designed

to be a general purpose computer but was never built, some believe, because

the technology of the day was either not good enough or too expensive.

Babbage was still working on the design when he died in 1871. A working

model was built in 1992 and can be seen in the Science Museum in London.

ICT TODAY

The First Computer Company

The first multimedia computer

The First PC Clone

The First Personal Computer

The First Digital Computer

The Electronic Period

The First Laptop or Portable Computer

The First PC (IBM compatible) Computer

The First stored Program Computer

The First Apple Computer

The First Workstation

Telegraph

Telephone and Radio

The Electromechanical Period

Voltaic Battery

• Voltaic Battery
• Telephone and Radio
• Telegraph

Video Presentation

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First Information Explosion

William Oughtred – (1575 – 1660) invented the slide rule.

Lady Ada Augusta Lovelace Byron – 1842 – the first computer programmer.

The Mechanical Period

The mechanical age is when we first start to see connections between our current technology and its ancestors. The mechanical age can be defined as the time between 1450 and 1840. A lot of new technologies are developed in this era as there is a large explosion in interest with this area. Technologies like the slide rule (an analog computer used for multiplying and dividing) were invented. Blaise Pascal invented the Pascaline which was a very popular mechanical computer. Charles Babbage developed the difference engine which tabulated polynomial equations using the method of finite differences.

In the late stages of this period, humans started using the numerical system around 100 A.D. wherein the first 1-9 system was created by people from India. However, it wasn’t until 875 A.D. (775 years later) number 0 was invented. Now that numbers are already created humans started to optimize and invent devices and techniques in counting. The most popular device created in this period is said to have come from the china called ABACUS. The Abacus is a manually operated device similar to the modern calculator. It was considered as the first device to process information.

But later on paper was created out of papyrus plant and storing of information was revolutionized. Now that people were writing a lot of information down and they needed ways to keep it all in a permanent storage. They eventually compiled these records written on pieces of paper and bound them together, finally books are made. As these books grew in number, they needed to be compiled and stored. Thus, libraries were created. Libraries were considered the first data centers in history.

Evolution of ICT

They also started to write symbols as substitutes for pictures to show ideas, objects and animals. Early alphabets were developed such as the Phoenician alphabet. Time passed by and early humans soon realized that stone tablets are too heavy and bulky, alphabets became more popular, after that; the information to be stored was growing, and writing these pieces of information in stone tablets are already impractical for them.

- As we all know the beginning of ICT is when we humans started to use objects to communicate with one another. ICT is a very long process of evolving along with the rise of humans but there are four main periods in history that divide the era of ICT it was namely, The Pre – mechanical Period, Mechanical Period, Electro mechanical Period, and Electronic Period. The periods that really affects in our lives are the Electro Mechanical Period and Electronic Period. Even though, the previous periods needs to be observe and learn for us humans to appreciate the technologies enjoyed today.

The Pre - Mechanical

Period

The Pre – Mechanical Period can be traced back thousands of years ago; it is the earliest age of information technology around 3000 BCE to 1450 CE. This period is where humans started communicating using words and pictograms that are drew or curved in the rocks known as petroglyphs.

PERIODS OF

ICT

DEVELOPMENT