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Henrik Ibsen and Realistic Drama
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Henrik Ibsen and Realistic Drama
International Success
Henrik Ibsen's background
- Ibsen spent much of his fertile years in Italy and Germany
- his later (and more lasting) works focus on the social mores of 19th century European society
- his plays (such as Enemy of the People, Ghosts or the Doll's House) were regarded as very controversial
- introduced "Critical Drama" where society is antagonised
- born into a prosperous, middle-class merchant family in Skien, Norway
- attended
- started writing (initially poetry) whilst attending university in Christiania (Oslo)
- worked in a Theatre in Bergen for a few years
Literary Realism
- presenting the world as it is
- as opposed to the exoticism or artificiality of previous (Romantic) movements
- often focuses on the repulsive, sordid, disheartening or banal
- Notable writers: Guy de Maupassant, Gustave Flaubert, George Eliot, Edith Wharton
Realistic Drama
Women in 19nth century Europe
- aims to accurately depict life
- has plausible plots/characters
- real-life and colloquial dialogues
- often Problem plays (focusing on social or moral issues)
- other playwrights: Anton Chekov,George Bernard Shaw , Eugene O'Neill and Maxim Gorky
- severely restricted in their rights in all European countries
- the legal properties of their closest male relative
- usually barred from (higher) education
- expected to confine themselves to the domestic sphere
- had no political representation
- had limited choice over heir marriage
- had to retain their social respectability (honour) otherwise were cast out of society as "fallen women"
- their subordination was justified by pseudo-scientific arguments: such as perceived lack of intelligence
19nth century Norway
- under Swedish rule until 1905
- gradually liberalising its laws, for example women attained rights to property in 1864 and right to vote in 1913
- society was largely dominated by the old land-holding and merchant classes
- rise of romantic Norwegian nationalism and a reformation of written language
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