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Resonance
What is Resonance
Defined
Resonance is the tendency of a system such as a wine glass, bride or other type of system to oscillate with a significantly higher amplitude, or to vibrate, when exposed to a specific frequency.
How is it caused
Resonance can be caused in many different systems by different means, for example, acoustic resonance can occur by reaching a specific pitch of noise causing a system to exhibit resonance.
Physics of Resonance
Resonance occurs when the driving frequency or externally applied force (sound, wind or other means) matches the structure or systems natural resonance frequency. When these two frequencies are equal the transfer of external energy to the system becomes significantly more efficient, seeming to be much more powerful than a similar force might be on another system.
Application of resonance in systems
How it applies
Resonance is a very useful and also dangerous natural phenomenon, it is vital to know a structures resonance frequency to prevent resonance in winds and during earthquakes, and to create structures whose resonance frequencies never or rarely occur. Optical resonance can be used to create lasers and amplify the energy of the light very efficiently.
Reducing Resonance
In the case of Taipei 101 tower in Taiwan, a 660 tonne pendulum has been installed to counteract resonance, and the building has been specifically designed to have a resonance frequency that occurs very rarely in the city of Taipei. The danger that resonance poses on buildings especially ones of such large caliber requires that physicists and engineers work with architects and designers to reduce the risk of natural forces reaching a resonance frequency.
Examples
Musical Instruments
The resonating strings on musical instruments such as a violin or bass for example produce specific sounds that are difficult for other systems to create. The force of hitting drums with drumsticks also creates a force equal to the resonance frequency, producing a unique noise specific to drums.
Tacoma Narrows Bridge
60 km/hr winds attained a driving frequency that matched the bridges natural frequency causing the bridge to oscillate then to collapse
Wine Glass vibrations
In a system such as a wine glass, acoustic resonance can occur by attaining a specific pitch of noise, large volumes is not necessary, which can cause the glass to oscillate so violently it shatters.