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Principlism
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Principlism
Prima Facie Obligations
i. Protect and defend the rights of others
ii. Prevent harm from occurring to others
iii. Remove conditions that will cause harm to others
iv. Help persons with disabilities
v. Rescue persons in danger
Conflicts of Interest
Beneficence
Duty to Rescue
Research subjects vs. Research beneficiaries
Rule/Principle of Double Effect
i. Y is at significant risk
ii. X’s action is necessary prevent this risk
iii. X’s action will probably prevent this risk
iv. X’s action would not present significant risks, costs, or burdens to X
v. The benefit that Y gains outweighs any harm, costs or burdens to X
Latin: beneficus - "to do well" i.e., good
1. the nature of the act
2. the agent's intention
3. the distinction between means and effects
4. proportionality between good and bad effects
Reciprocity
Where do you draw the line?
Contribute to the welfare of others
Non-Maleficence
Latin: maleficus - "wicked"
Positive beneficence: providing something
Utility: producing the best results
"One ought not to inflict damage or harm"
Prima Facie obligations:
1. Do not kill
2. Do not cause pain or suffering
3. Do not incapacitate
4. Do not cause offense
5. Do not deprive others of the goods of life
Theories of Justice
Utilitarian - maximize welfare
Libertarian - protect liberty
Egalitarian - permits some inequality
Communitarian - the common good
Capabilities theories - the right to be capable
Well-being theories - the right to be well
The "kidney-donor"
Justice
Latin: justus - "right law"
What is fair, deserved, or entitled?
Equality: "equals must be treated equal, unequals must be treated unequally"
Needs: detrimental if not met
Autonomy
Greek: autos - "self", nomos - "rule"
The freedom to act on one's chosen plan
Liberty: freedom to make a choice
Agency: capacity to understand that choice fully
Beauchamp & Childress' three-condition theory:
Principles vs. Theories
1. Intentionality
2. Understanding
3. Noncontrol
"Everyone is equal"
Principle of Respect for Autonomy:
"Treat others as you would like to be treated"