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Branches of Linguistics

Ana Álvaro

Alba Barrio

María Fernández

Phonetics

It's concerned with: -How sounds are produced

-How are transmitted by sound waves

-How they are perceived in our auditory system

How are sounds produced?

Which kind of sounds are produced? Which criteria are used by linguistics?

Depending on the vibration of the vocal chords, sounds can be:

  • Voiced: they are produced with vibration of the vocal chords.
  • Voiceless: no vibration.

Considering this:

  • Vowels: always voiced.
  • Consonants: either of them + place of

articulation + manner of articulation.

Branches of Phonetics

  • Acoustic Phonetics: sound centered.

  • Auditory Phonetics: speaker centered.

  • Articulatory Phonetics: listener centered.

Orthography

Morphology

Phonology

It is the study of writing systems.

  • It focuses on graphemes: the smallest unit in a system of writing that can express a difference in sound or meaning.

It is the scientific study of forms and structure of words in a language.

  • Named for the first time in 1859 by the German linguist August Schleicher who used the term for the study of the form of words.

Types of Orthography

Types of writing systems

  • Shallow orthographies: The correspondence is direct. There’s one-to-one relationship between graphemes and phonemes. E.g. Spanish.

  • Deep orthographies: It has a less consistent relationship between individual graphemes and phonemes. E.g. English.

It's the study of the sound structure of languages, and how speech sounds are used in order to convey meaning.

Two concepts:

  • Phonemes: mental abstract representation of a speech sound. They can make a word different from another.

For example, 'pat' and 'bat' differ in their first phoneme.

  • Allophones: they are the different ways in which phonemes can be pronounced.
  • Lolographic: each grapheme represents a morpheme. E.g. Chinese characters.
  • Syllabic/syllabary: each grapheme represents a syllable. E.g. Japanese Hiragana.
  • Alphabetic: each grapheme represents a phoneme, either vowels or consonants. E.g. Latin and Greek.

What is a word?

Morphemes

It is is a single unit of language that has meaning by itself and can be written or spoken.

It is the smallest unit of language.

  • Free mophemes (friend)
  • Bound morphemes (-ly)

Inflexional

Affixes

Words can be:

  • Simple
  • Complex

Derivational

Prefixes (well + un-=unwell)

Suffixes

(king+ -dom= kingdom

sad + -ness= sadness)

Language and Linguistics

Lexicology

Discourse Analysis

Psycholinguistics

Between psychology and linguistics

Limits beyond the sentence: sentence, propositions, speech, turns-at-talk.

Focus: how humans acquire, use, understand and produce language.

In essence, it's the craft of designing, writing and compilling dictionaries.

It is concerned with the numerous traits of words as lexical units, and thus involves several other disciplines within the branch:

It deals with written and oral language in a systematic way.

  • General lexicography
  • Specialized lexicography
  • Practical lexicography
  • Theoretical lexicography

The study of the lexical component of

language, the lexicon or vocabulary.

  • Lexical semantics
  • Phraseology
  • Etymology
  • Lexicography

Codification processes ( language production)

Invented examples vs. natural occuring language

  • Language: -Distinctive trait

-Essential part of human communication

- Mysterious

  • Linguistics: science that studies the nature, structure and development of language.

Branches:

1) Phonetics, Phonology, Orthography and Morphology.

2) Lexicography, Lexicology, Sintax and Semantics.

3) Pragmatics, Discourse Analysis, Sociolinguistics,

Neurolinguistics and Psycholinguistics.

Decodification processes: language comprehension)

- defining words

- organizing definitions

- specifying the pronunciation

- selecting words, affixes and collocations to be included

- organizing and structuring the information

Different approaches: language as a communication system (text linguistics); Language as interation (conversation analysis); language as an instrument of power (critical discourse analysis).

Close connection to neurolinguistics

. . .

Sociolinguistics

Semantics

Social context = Extralinguistic element

Pragmatics

Crystal´s definition: "The study of interaction between language and the structure and function of society"

The study of the meaning of words and word combinations. It focuses on the relation between signifiers (words, phrases, signs, symbols) and what they stand for, their denotation.

Context = Extralinguistic elements

Sociolinguistics VS. Sociology of language

Sociolinguistics VS. Pragmatics

Semantic relations

Crystal about pragmatics: "It studies the factors that govern our choice of language in social interaction and the effects of our choics on others"

  • Homonyms

Aisle (walkway) - Isle (island)

  • Synonyms

Happy, cheerful, content, mirthful

  • Antonyms

Young/old, dark/light, man/woman

  • Hypernyms

Sociolinguistic variables: gender, age, religion, studies, etc.

Dog: poodle, alsatian, chihuahua, terrier, beagle

  • Hyponyms

Daisy, rose, daffodil, lily -> flower

  • Holonyms

Tree: branch, bark, apple, leaves

  • Meronyms

Arm, leg, head, foot, ear -> body

Overlaping between pragmatics and other branches: sociolinguistics, discourse analysis...

Crown - in place of a royal person

  • Metonyms

Important concepts: Sociolect, Slang, Jargon

Variables: socio-cultural context, the speakers (speaker & hearer) and relation between them, situation, the statements, the tone of the message.

Syntax

The set of properties which determines the construction of sentences, the grammatical relations between the components and their arrangement in larger hierarchical units.

clauses > phrases > words (> morphemes)

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