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Ana Álvaro
Alba Barrio
María Fernández
It's concerned with: -How sounds are produced
-How are transmitted by sound waves
-How they are perceived in our auditory system
Depending on the vibration of the vocal chords, sounds can be:
Considering this:
articulation + manner of articulation.
It is the study of writing systems.
It is the scientific study of forms and structure of words in a language.
Types of writing systems
It's the study of the sound structure of languages, and how speech sounds are used in order to convey meaning.
Two concepts:
For example, 'pat' and 'bat' differ in their first phoneme.
Between psychology and linguistics
Limits beyond the sentence: sentence, propositions, speech, turns-at-talk.
Focus: how humans acquire, use, understand and produce language.
In essence, it's the craft of designing, writing and compilling dictionaries.
It is concerned with the numerous traits of words as lexical units, and thus involves several other disciplines within the branch:
It deals with written and oral language in a systematic way.
The study of the lexical component of
language, the lexicon or vocabulary.
Codification processes ( language production)
Invented examples vs. natural occuring language
-Essential part of human communication
- Mysterious
Branches:
1) Phonetics, Phonology, Orthography and Morphology.
2) Lexicography, Lexicology, Sintax and Semantics.
3) Pragmatics, Discourse Analysis, Sociolinguistics,
Neurolinguistics and Psycholinguistics.
Decodification processes: language comprehension)
- defining words
- organizing definitions
- specifying the pronunciation
- selecting words, affixes and collocations to be included
- organizing and structuring the information
Different approaches: language as a communication system (text linguistics); Language as interation (conversation analysis); language as an instrument of power (critical discourse analysis).
Close connection to neurolinguistics
. . .
Social context = Extralinguistic element
Crystal´s definition: "The study of interaction between language and the structure and function of society"
The study of the meaning of words and word combinations. It focuses on the relation between signifiers (words, phrases, signs, symbols) and what they stand for, their denotation.
Context = Extralinguistic elements
Sociolinguistics VS. Sociology of language
Sociolinguistics VS. Pragmatics
Crystal about pragmatics: "It studies the factors that govern our choice of language in social interaction and the effects of our choics on others"
Aisle (walkway) - Isle (island)
Happy, cheerful, content, mirthful
Young/old, dark/light, man/woman
Sociolinguistic variables: gender, age, religion, studies, etc.
Dog: poodle, alsatian, chihuahua, terrier, beagle
Daisy, rose, daffodil, lily -> flower
Tree: branch, bark, apple, leaves
Arm, leg, head, foot, ear -> body
Overlaping between pragmatics and other branches: sociolinguistics, discourse analysis...
Crown - in place of a royal person
Important concepts: Sociolect, Slang, Jargon
Variables: socio-cultural context, the speakers (speaker & hearer) and relation between them, situation, the statements, the tone of the message.
The set of properties which determines the construction of sentences, the grammatical relations between the components and their arrangement in larger hierarchical units.
clauses > phrases > words (> morphemes)