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Defeating Pompey the Great

Conquering the Mediterranean

  • Pompey had strong support in Spain and Macedonia
  • Caesar attacked Spain first and defeated Pompey's main army there
  • Caesar laid seige to Pompey's base at Dyrrhachium but failed to draw Pompey's armies out and retreated to Thessaly
  • Pompey followed Caesar to the plains of Pharsalus, where Caesar was victorious in the battle
  • Pompey fled to Egypt where he was executed by Ptolemy XIII
  • as Caesar returned to Rome from Egypt in 47 BCE, he went by way of Asia Minor
  • among other successful battles, he defeated the forces of Pharnaces of Pontus at Zela
  • sent a message to Rome saying "Veni, vidi, vici", or "I came, I saw, I conquered"

Civil War in Italy

Final Defeat of the Pompeians

  • although Pompey was dead, he still had supporters
  • Caesar fought two battles to defeat the Pompeians, one at Thapsus in North Africa, and one at Mundo in Spain
  • Caesar defeated the forces of Scipio, an ally of Pompey's, and Cato, who supported Scipio, at Thapsus in 46 BCE
  • Caesar defeated the sons of Pompey at Mundo in 45 BCE
  • Caesar was now dominant over all of the Greco-Roman world
  • Crassus dies in 53 BCE, leaving Pompey and Caesar as rivals
  • Pompey persuades Senate to try to force Caesar to give up his province and retire from office
  • Caesar refuses and in 49 BCE, he crosses the Rubicon, saying "The die is cast" and sparking civil war
  • Caesar quickly takes over Italy, forcing Pompey to flee to Macedonia in only 70 days
  • Caesar sets up a temporary government with himself as dictator

Map of Caesars Conquests

Julius Caesar's Rise to Power

Caesar - Dictator for Life

From Consul to Emperor - 59 BCE to 44 BCE

Caesar in Gaul

  • Caesar had become immensely powerful
  • he had himself appointed dictator for life in 44 BCE
  • was able to raise himself to power through his talent as a politician and military leader - his strategic portrayal of himself in the eyes of the Romans and successful strategies as a military commander helped to promote him to power
  • his reign ended on the 15th of March 44 BCE when he was assassinated by conspiring members of the Senate

Caesar Is Elected Consul

  • In 58 BCE, Caesar became commander of Roman forces in Gaul (modern day France)
  • 58 BCE - successful campaign against the Helvetians of Switzerland
  • 58 BCE - successful campaign against Ariovistus and the Germanic tribes
  • 57 BCE - defeat of tribes in Belgae, Normandy and Brittany
  • 55 BCE and 44 BCE - Caesar leads expeditions across the Rhine to Britain
  • 52 BCE - 50 BCE - Caesar crushes Gallic resistance led by Vercingetorix

  • gains reputation as great warrior and an organized leader
  • elected Consul for the year 59 BCE
  • formed First Triumverate with Crassus and Pompey
  • gained popularity through reforms beneficial to former soldiers
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