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Tryptophan Serotonin
Tryptophan derivatives: melatonin (sleep) + auxin (growth)
Vertebrates: serotonin methylated into melatonin in pineal gland
Vertebrates: serotonin levels higher on bright days
Seasonal Affective Disorder [SAD]
Tryptophan-containing proteins:
chlorophyll, rhodopsin receptor, 5-HT1A receptor
Evolutionary Aspect:
From early eukaryotic cells to humans.
Serotonin
[peripheral secretion]
"Did circulating serotonin emerge with endothermy?"
Leatherback sea turtle, Green sea turtle, American alligator
Partial endothermy?
Ice Age
Agricultural Revolution
Industrial Revolution
Biosynthesis!
Adrenal Cortex Steroids
5 Carbons
http://www.fao.org/3/a-y5945e/y5945e02.pdf
Terpenes: isporene units
joined together
Where does squalene come from?
Sharks
Plants All plants make squalene
Humans All animals make squalene;
but how...?
10 Carbons
"From Terpenes to Steroids Part 2: Squalene, Cholesterol, and Steroids." Khan Academy
2 Isoprene units
Example: menthol
Triterpene
Cyclization reactions occur in the liver to transform the squalene into cholesterol.
30 Carbons
6 Isoprenes
or 3 Monoterpenes
15Carbons
3 Isoprene Units
Example: Ginger
"From Terpenes to Steroids Part 2: Squalene, Cholesterol, and Steroids." Khan Academy
Azmitia 17
Tryptophan hydroxylase + O2
Azmitia 9
Tetrahydro-biopterin +
aromatic amino acid decarboxylase
Azmitia 9, 17
Azmitia 9
Azmitia 16
Azmitia 17
Muller and Jacobs 17
Sapolsky, The Trouble with Testosterone: "Will Boys Just Be Boys?"
Maurer-Spurej, "Circulating Serotonin in Vertebrates."
Azmitia, Handbook of the Behavioral Neurobiology of Serotonin
Insulin Resistance: Type II Diabetes
Insulin: Pathophsyiology of Type I Diabetes
DepressION
Those who battle depression are up against a daily battle; it's difficult to work up the motivation, desire, or energy to try to "fix" things. This mentality seeps into their stress response: they do not cope with real or perceived stressors. This causes elevated stress hormone levels in their blood.
Repressed
TYPE A
Sapolsky 37
3x Hobbes
6x Hobbes
< 1/4 Average
5% of the population
Competitive, overachieving, impatient, perfectionist, hostile when things go wrong...
Hardworking, productive, disciplined, "Cross T's and dot I's," everything structured, complete control of emotions, "perfect"
Milling of cereals
--> 2-3 x higher than coarsely-ground flour/whole grain
Potatoes introduced to West
Modern High Glycaemic Index
Insulin resistance --> Hyperinsulinaemia --> Linked to Type 2 Diabetes Pathogenesis
3x Molested Female
Are you Type A?
1/3 Female not attacked
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/01/13/are-you-a-type-a-or-type-_n_4549312.html
Pancreas
Functions:
1) Exocrine--secretes enzymes for digestion
2) Endocrine--hormones and metabolism
Cells:
Beta --secrete--> Insulin into blood
Alpha--secrete--> Glucagon
Auto-immune Disease
Diabetes: Beta cells are destroyed
AnxiETY
Unmolested Female
Colagiuri, "The 'Carnivore Connection' -- Evolutionary Aspects of Insulin Resistance."
Molested
Female
Pancreas
Endocrine Functions
Beta & Alpha Cells
Auto-immune Disease
Hyperglycemia
Stress-Response
Chronically Elevated Stress Response: Why?
Appearance keepers: care too much about appearing perfect, they actively repress the imperfections
Self deceivers: psychology tests reveal some are more subconsciously anxious than they even realize; don't consciously recognize their experiences as being 'anxious' or 'stressful'
Others: exhibit an overactive adrenal gland, and as elevated glucocorticoid levels as those with anxiety. But, an EEG (of their brain) showed a hyperactive frontal cortex. They're always using their frontal cortex, which is energetically expensive!
Struggling with anxiety may mean constantly feeling on edge without knowing why, feeling intimidated to socialize, or always expecting the worst.
Individuals with anxiety disorders are persistently mobilizing a stress response in preparation. Their "homeostasis" baseline for stress hormones in the blood (epinephrine, norepinephrine, and glucocorticoids) is higher than average.
Energetics: they could eventually exhaust their system.
High risk for cardiovascular disease
Fatso
Sapolsky 37
Ruto
Sapolsky 37- 38
Type B
John Henryism
Tolerant, adaptive, flexible
Are you Type B?
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/06/16/type-b-images_n_7562420.html
Individuals "strongly agree" with a statement like "When things don't go the way I want them, it just makes me work even harder." They believe that they can "regulate all outcomes" with hard work and determination." These personality types develop hypertension, because they continuously secrete stress hormones to get the job done--no matter the obstacle.
Most common among working class African Americans.
Sapolsky 37
"Pathophysiology - Type I Diabetes." Khan Academy.
Sapolsky, "The Burden of Being Burden-Free"
Venn-Watson, "Dolphins and Diabetes: Applying One Health for Breakthrough Discoveries."
Sapolsky, "The Young and the Reckless"