Chemistry: ABC Book Project
Formula units are involved with ionic compounds and they represent the smallest ratio of ions in the compounds.
- A formula unit is a part of the crystal lattice structure which is, a dimensional arrangement of the ions.
By: Savana Couch
and Alexia Combs
Zirconium is a durable metal that is resistant to corrosion and high temperatures.
- It reacts with oxygen in the air to form zirconium oxide and is then protected from further reactions.
- It is a major role in construction of space vehicle parts.
- Mineral zircon, which is a compound of zirconium, has been known since long ago and is referred to in the Bible.
Ytterbium is an element in the lanthanide series.
- Ytterbium is radioactive and used in portable x-ray machines.
Dd:
Decomposition is a reaction where a compound breaks down to form 2 or more simpler substances.
- This usually requires some type of energy to break the reactant and there is only 1 reactant.
- The general form is AB = A + B
Dd:
Cc:
Electron Sea Model is when the valence electrons of all atoms in a metallic solid are delocalized.
- This means that the electrons are free to move throughout the solid.
Desiccants are drying agents.
- These are the compounds absorb moisture from the surroundings.
- It is in an anhydrous form, so the compound can absorb water molecules into it's crystal lattice structure.
Bb:
- A bonding orbital is a localized region where bonding electrons will most likely be found.
A covalent bond is the result of sharing electrons.
- The orbitals of elements and compounds overlap.
- This occurs when a nonmetal or metalloid bonds to a nonmetal.
- Example: C + O2 = CO
A gas is a form of matter that doesn't have a definite shape or volume.
- A gas is a product of a double replacement reaction. It indicates that they reaction actually happened.
Aa:
Ee:
Empirical formula is the formula of a compound reduced to the smallest whole number ratio of elements in a compound.
- The formulas for ionic compounds are always empirical.
- The formulas for covalent compounds may or may not be empirical.
- Example: NO2 is the empirical formula and N2O4 is the molecular formula.
Anhydrous is a compound without water molecules.
- Water can originally be removed by heating. Removing water allows us to understand the composition of the compound.
A hydrate is an ionic compound with water molecules loosely bonded to its crystal lattice structure.
- We name hydrates with prefixes like, mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa-, hepta-, octa-, nona-, and deca-.
- For example: MgSO4 * 10H2O is named Magnesium Decahydrate.
Avagadro's Number is 6.02x10^23.
Xenon is a noble gas that exists in group VIIIA on the Periodic Table.
- It is one of the heaviest of the noble gases: it's density is five times that of air.
- It is a monatomic molecule that has no color, smell, or taste.
- It is produced commercially today.
- Xenon was the first noble gas to be combined as a compound.
- We use it in conversion factors to go from moles to mass.
- 6.02x10^23 is equal to one mole.
Cc:
A combustion reaction happens when oxygen combines with a substance.
- When this reaction occurs heat and light are released.
- Example: K+ O2 = KO
A hydrocarbon combustion reaction is a carbon hydrogen compound.
- The general form is C?H? + O2 = CO2 + H2O.
- Heat and light are released, but they are not included in the formula.
Ionic bond is a bond between two ions formed through the transfer of one or more electrons.
- This bond involves metals bonding with nonmetals.
- This bond exists because of electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions.
Resonance occurs when there are more than one valid Lewis structure for molecules or ions.
- The electrons in resonance structures are different rather than the atoms in the structure.
Valence electrons are the electrons in the atom's outermost orbitals.
- The outermost orbitals are usually in the highest principal energy level.
- The more valence electrons an atom has, the more stable it is.
- Atoms need eight valence electrons to become fully stable.
A polyatomic ion is a group of atoms that are bonded covalently and carry in overall positive or negative charge.
A triple covalent bond is when three pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms.
Interstitial is an alloy with small atoms that fill the spaces between larger atoms.
- An alloy is a solution of two or more metals.
- Example: Iron vs C-Steel
A kilogram is the basic SI unit of mass.
- A kilogram is equal to a 1000 grams.
Stoichiometry is the study of the quantitative aspects of chemical reactions
- Stoichiometry is based on the law of conservation of mass.
- Requires a balanced chemical equation.
A pi bond happens when parallel orbitals overlap the bond orbitals that are above and below the internucleus axis.
- Pi bonds always accompany sigma bonds when forming double and triple bonds.
Bb:
Bond dissociation energy is the energy needed to break a covalent bond.
- The higher the bond dissociation energy the stronger the bond.
- This is one of the factors that will affect the strength of a covalent bond.
Net ionic equations show only the ions that participated in a chemical change.
- On both sides of the equation the ions that are aqueous are called spectator ions.
A joule is the SI unit
for heat and energy.
- We can use conversion factors to figure out how many joules are in something.
A nonpolar covalent bond is the equal sharing of electrons.
- The pull on the electrons in the end is equal.
The limiting reactant is the reactant that is used up first.
- It determines how much product you get.
- Example: If you have 10 pieces of bread and only 3 pieces of cheese. The cheese would be the limiting reactant because you can only make 3 sandwiches, but you have enough bread to make 5.
Kelvin is the basic SI unit of temperature.
- Scientist use the Kelvin scale to describe the behavior of gases.
The oxidation number is the charge of a monatomic ion.
- Most transition metals have more than one oxidation number.
- The oxidation numbers of ions are used to determine the formulas for the ionic compounds they form.
A sigma bond is a single covalent bond.
- A sigma bond occurs when the electron pair is shared in an area centered between the two atoms.
The Law of Conservation of Mass states that mass can never be created or destroyed.
- The reason we balance equations is to satisfy the Law of Conservation of Mass
A monatomic ion is an ion consisting of a single atom
- Monatomic ions form cations and anions by either losing or gaining electrons
- Examples: Mg^2+
- The VSEPR Theory states that in a small molecule the pairs of valence electrons are arranged as far apart from one another as possible.
- It doesn't matter if the electron pairs are bonded.
- Single, double, and triple bonds are treated the same.
The octet rule states that atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons in order to get a full set of eight valence electrons.
- It is useful for determining the type of ions likely to form.
- First period elements are an exception to this rule.
A wavelength is the distance between two successive points in the wave.
- Wavelengths are usually expressed in meters, centimeters, or nanometers.
- They are represented by the Greek letter lambda.
A quantum is the smallest amount of energy that can be gained or lost by an atom.
- Matter can only gain or lose energy in small, specific amounts called quanta.
A mole is a unit of measurement that is equivalent to 6.02 x 10^23 things
- Moles relate mass to the number of particles
- Moles count by weighing
Uranium is an element in the actinide series of the periodic table.
- Uranium is a very heavy metal which is commonly used as an abundant source of energy.
Representative particles are the smallest particles that retain the identity of a substance.
- Examples: Element=Atom, Covalent Compound=Molecule, and Ionic Compound=Formula Unit
Molar mass is the mass in grams of one mole of a substance
- The molar mass is found on the periodic table.
- It represents the mass of 6.02x10^23 particles