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Chemistry: ABC Book Project

Ff:

Zz:

Formula units are involved with ionic compounds and they represent the smallest ratio of ions in the compounds.

  • A formula unit is a part of the crystal lattice structure which is, a dimensional arrangement of the ions.

By: Savana Couch

and Alexia Combs

Zirconium is a durable metal that is resistant to corrosion and high temperatures.

  • It reacts with oxygen in the air to form zirconium oxide and is then protected from further reactions.
  • It is a major role in construction of space vehicle parts.
  • Mineral zircon, which is a compound of zirconium, has been known since long ago and is referred to in the Bible.

Yy:

Savana

Ytterbium is an element in the lanthanide series.

  • Ytterbium is radioactive and used in portable x-ray machines.

Dd:

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Decomposition is a reaction where a compound breaks down to form 2 or more simpler substances.

  • This usually requires some type of energy to break the reactant and there is only 1 reactant.

  • The general form is AB = A + B

Dd:

Cc:

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Electron Sea Model is when the valence electrons of all atoms in a metallic solid are delocalized.

  • This means that the electrons are free to move throughout the solid.

Desiccants are drying agents.

  • These are the compounds absorb moisture from the surroundings.

  • It is in an anhydrous form, so the compound can absorb water molecules into it's crystal lattice structure.

Bb:

Alexia

  • A bonding orbital is a localized region where bonding electrons will most likely be found.

Savana

A covalent bond is the result of sharing electrons.

  • The orbitals of elements and compounds overlap.
  • This occurs when a nonmetal or metalloid bonds to a nonmetal.
  • Example: C + O2 = CO

Gg:

A gas is a form of matter that doesn't have a definite shape or volume.

  • A gas is a product of a double replacement reaction. It indicates that they reaction actually happened.

Aa:

Ee:

Alexia

Empirical formula is the formula of a compound reduced to the smallest whole number ratio of elements in a compound.

  • The formulas for ionic compounds are always empirical.
  • The formulas for covalent compounds may or may not be empirical.
  • Example: NO2 is the empirical formula and N2O4 is the molecular formula.

Hh:

Anhydrous is a compound without water molecules.

  • Water can originally be removed by heating. Removing water allows us to understand the composition of the compound.

A hydrate is an ionic compound with water molecules loosely bonded to its crystal lattice structure.

  • We name hydrates with prefixes like, mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa-, hepta-, octa-, nona-, and deca-.
  • For example: MgSO4 * 10H2O is named Magnesium Decahydrate.

Alexia

Xx:

Savana

Avagadro's Number is 6.02x10^23.

Alexia

Xenon is a noble gas that exists in group VIIIA on the Periodic Table.

  • It is one of the heaviest of the noble gases: it's density is five times that of air.
  • It is a monatomic molecule that has no color, smell, or taste.
  • It is produced commercially today.
  • Xenon was the first noble gas to be combined as a compound.

Hh:

  • We use it in conversion factors to go from moles to mass.
  • 6.02x10^23 is equal to one mole.

Cc:

A combustion reaction happens when oxygen combines with a substance.

  • When this reaction occurs heat and light are released.
  • Example: K+ O2 = KO

A hydrocarbon combustion reaction is a carbon hydrogen compound.

  • The general form is C?H? + O2 = CO2 + H2O.
  • Heat and light are released, but they are not included in the formula.

Savana

Alexia

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Ii:

Ionic bond is a bond between two ions formed through the transfer of one or more electrons.

  • This bond involves metals bonding with nonmetals.
  • This bond exists because of electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions.

Tt:

Rr:

Pp:

Alexia

Vv:

Ii:

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Resonance occurs when there are more than one valid Lewis structure for molecules or ions.

  • The electrons in resonance structures are different rather than the atoms in the structure.

Valence electrons are the electrons in the atom's outermost orbitals.

  • The outermost orbitals are usually in the highest principal energy level.
  • The more valence electrons an atom has, the more stable it is.
  • Atoms need eight valence electrons to become fully stable.

Kk:

A polyatomic ion is a group of atoms that are bonded covalently and carry in overall positive or negative charge.

  • Example: OH-1

A triple covalent bond is when three pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms.

  • Example: N2

Ss:

Interstitial is an alloy with small atoms that fill the spaces between larger atoms.

  • An alloy is a solution of two or more metals.
  • Example: Iron vs C-Steel

Pp:

Savana

A kilogram is the basic SI unit of mass.

  • A kilogram is equal to a 1000 grams.

Savana

Stoichiometry is the study of the quantitative aspects of chemical reactions

  • Stoichiometry is based on the law of conservation of mass.
  • Requires a balanced chemical equation.

A pi bond happens when parallel orbitals overlap the bond orbitals that are above and below the internucleus axis.

  • Pi bonds always accompany sigma bonds when forming double and triple bonds.

Bb:

Savana

Bond dissociation energy is the energy needed to break a covalent bond.

  • The higher the bond dissociation energy the stronger the bond.
  • This is one of the factors that will affect the strength of a covalent bond.

Savana

Jj:

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Nn:

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Nn:

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Net ionic equations show only the ions that participated in a chemical change.

  • On both sides of the equation the ions that are aqueous are called spectator ions.

A joule is the SI unit

for heat and energy.

  • We can use conversion factors to figure out how many joules are in something.

A nonpolar covalent bond is the equal sharing of electrons.

  • The pull on the electrons in the end is equal.

Ll:

The limiting reactant is the reactant that is used up first.

  • It determines how much product you get.
  • Example: If you have 10 pieces of bread and only 3 pieces of cheese. The cheese would be the limiting reactant because you can only make 3 sandwiches, but you have enough bread to make 5.

Savana

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Ss:

Kk:

Oo:

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Ww:

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Qq:

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Rr:

Kelvin is the basic SI unit of temperature.

  • Scientist use the Kelvin scale to describe the behavior of gases.

Mm:

The oxidation number is the charge of a monatomic ion.

  • Most transition metals have more than one oxidation number.
  • The oxidation numbers of ions are used to determine the formulas for the ionic compounds they form.

A sigma bond is a single covalent bond.

  • A sigma bond occurs when the electron pair is shared in an area centered between the two atoms.

Uu:

The Law of Conservation of Mass states that mass can never be created or destroyed.

  • The reason we balance equations is to satisfy the Law of Conservation of Mass

A monatomic ion is an ion consisting of a single atom

  • Monatomic ions form cations and anions by either losing or gaining electrons
  • Examples: Mg^2+
  • The VSEPR Theory states that in a small molecule the pairs of valence electrons are arranged as far apart from one another as possible.
  • It doesn't matter if the electron pairs are bonded.
  • Single, double, and triple bonds are treated the same.

The octet rule states that atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons in order to get a full set of eight valence electrons.

  • It is useful for determining the type of ions likely to form.
  • First period elements are an exception to this rule.

A wavelength is the distance between two successive points in the wave.

  • Wavelengths are usually expressed in meters, centimeters, or nanometers.
  • They are represented by the Greek letter lambda.

Alexia

A quantum is the smallest amount of energy that can be gained or lost by an atom.

  • Matter can only gain or lose energy in small, specific amounts called quanta.

A mole is a unit of measurement that is equivalent to 6.02 x 10^23 things

  • Moles relate mass to the number of particles
  • Moles count by weighing

Uranium is an element in the actinide series of the periodic table.

  • Uranium is a very heavy metal which is commonly used as an abundant source of energy.

Representative particles are the smallest particles that retain the identity of a substance.

  • Examples: Element=Atom, Covalent Compound=Molecule, and Ionic Compound=Formula Unit

Mm:

Alexia

Savana

Molar mass is the mass in grams of one mole of a substance

  • The molar mass is found on the periodic table.
  • It represents the mass of 6.02x10^23 particles

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