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Euthanasia Acceptance Around the World

A History

  • 4th Century - Hippocratic Oath

  • Middle Ages - Christianity reinforced the Oath, few doctors obey Oath

  • 1828 - New York declares it “a criminal act”

  • 1874 - prohibited by California

  • 1906 - Ohio is first state to attempt to allow euthanasia, but failed

  • late 1930’s - even more efforts, but all were unsuccessful

  • 1935 - Voluntary Euthanasia Legislation Society founded by C. Killick Millard in England

  • 1938 - Euthanasia Society of America founded by Charles Francis Potter

  • 1939 - Hitler allowed euthanasia

  • 1950’s and 60’s - medicine begins focusing on life preservation with respirators, etc.

  • 1961 - Suicide Act passed in Britain making suicide illegal

  • 1962 - High Court of Central Japan ruled euthanasia lawful

  • 1973 - American Hospital Association chose to follow “Patient’s Bill of Rights"

  • 1974 - hospice care established as alternative to euthanasia

  • 1975 - accounts of assisted deaths and attempted assisted deaths including terminally ill cancer patients

  • by 1977 - California, New Mexico, Arkansas, Nevada, Idaho, Oregon, North Carolina, and Texas had made judgments

  • 1982 - “Baby Doe” with Down Syndrome left to starve

  • 1991 - Kevorkian had his medical license taken away

  • 1980’s and on - many cases appealed and debated several concerning removal of ventilators, feeding tubes, respirators, etc.

  • 1990's - even more of a rise in public interest

  • 1999 - Kevorkian convicted of 2nd degree murder

  • several states and countries are still trying to legalize or are trying to

Anti-euthanasia Arguments

Conclusion

  • individuals, groups, organizations, states, and the national government have debated the issue and made judgments

  • Dr. Jack Kevorkian - “I didn’t do it to end a life. I did it to end the suffering the patient’s going through. The patient’s obviously suffering — what’s a doctor supposed to do, turn his back?”

  • “right-to-die movement”

  • national societies

  • many states

  • national government has not declared euthanasia legal or illegal
  • right to life = right to natural death

  • religious objections

  • harms others

  • no way of properly regulating it

  • too much power to doctors

  • may pressure vulnerable patients

  • slippery slope argument

  • too Nazi-like

  • discourages search for new cures for terminal diseases

  • euthanasia illegal = protecting their citizens and “In God we trust”

National Government Involvement

  • federalism

  • mostly left the decision up to the states

  • 1982 -“Baby Doe” - Ronald Reagan required life-sustaining treatment for all newborns

  • 1989 - first right-to-die case sent to the Supreme Court

  • 1990 - President George H. W. Bush signed the Patient Self-Determination Act

  • 1992 -Roe vs. Wade and Planned Parenthood vs. Casey cases relate to euthanasia

  • 1997 - Vacco v. Quill and Washington v. Glucksberg - “no federal Constitutional right to assisted suicide"

  • 1997 - Clinton signed the Assisted Suicide Funding Restriction Act of 1997 prohibits use of “federal funds to cause a patient’s death”

  • 2006 - Gonzalez v. Oregon - Supreme Court supported the Oregon Death with Dignity Act

  • no national regulation

An Introduction to Euthanasia

Euthanasia in the United States

  • the practice of intentionally ending a person's life by administering a drug to them to end their pain and suffering

  • also called “assisted suicide,” “mercy deaths,” and “mercy killings” all with negative connotations

  • topic of debate for a long time

Legalizing Euthanasia

By Amanda Hoelscher

Should euthanasia be an option for the terminally ill?

Current Event

Pro-euthanasia Arguments

Euthanasia and the Constitution

More about Euthanasia

  • 3 unalienable rights

  • government's rights concerning these rights

Legal in Montana, Oregon, and Washington

  • Montana in 2008 & 2009 - terminally ill patients have the right to self-administer lethal doses or physician can do it, Baxter v. Montana ruled no laws against it, not “against public policy,” and doctors are “protected from prosecution”

  • legalized in Oregon in 1994 by vote of 51% to 49% in 1994 and an attempt to repeal the legalization in 1997 failed 60% to 40%

  • Oregon Death with Dignity Act of 1994 ruled that competent, terminally ill adults with less than 6 months to live can make a written request

  • Washington State tried in 1991, but failed 46% to 54%, but in 2008, it passed 58% to 42%

  • Washington Death with Dignity Act was passed in 2008 making euthanasia legal

Vermont - no specific law against, but is charged as a common law crime, tried in 2007, but failed with vote of 82 to 63

Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and Wisconsin have a law which specifically prohibits it.

  • Texas Futile Care Law - hospitals have the right to take away life support

  • Arkansas in 1999 - legislation to make assisted suicide a criminal offense

  • California tried in 1992, but failed 46% to 54%

  • People v. Kevorkian in 1994 - Michigan Supreme Court ruled that there is no right to assisted suicide.

  • Florida ruled the same in Krischer v. McIver also in 1997

  • Michigan in 1998 - tried, but failed 29% to 71%

  • New Hampshire in 2000 - tried, but failed with a vote of 242 to 113

  • Maine in 2000 - tried, but failed 49% to 51%

  • Colorado in 2000 - citizens petitioned, but failed

  • Alaska in 2001 - Alaska Supreme Court decided there is “no right to assisted suicide” in Sampson v. Alaska

Ohio - no law specifically against it, but it is against public policy and on “grounds for professional discipline”

D.C., Idaho, Massachusetts, North Carolina, and West Virginia - no laws prohibiting it specifically, but it is possible it is prohibited under common law

Alabama and Wyoming - have no law specifically prohibiting assisted suicide

  • violate the Hippocratic Oath?

  • countless efforts to prolong life every day vs. euthanasia

  • may not be understandable to all

  • real problem: government involvement
  • choose their own fate

  • unhappy patients with a "vegetable life" should have a decision

  • government has no right to make it illegal

  • can be controlled

  • is death is a bad thing?

  • more medical resources available for the people with the will to live

  • utilitarianism and the greater good

  • euthanasia illegal = violation of unalienable rights

Article Title: Dr. Jack Kevorkian dead a 83

Author: CNN news

Name of Source: CNN news Date: June 3rd, 2011

If online article - web address: http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2011/06/03/report-dr-jack-kevorkian-dead/

Summary of Article: Dr. Jack Kevorkian died at age 83 in June. Known as "Dr. Death," he aided many patients in assisted suicide. He was convicted in 1999 of 2nd degree murder and was paroled in 2007. He was a strong advocate of the right-to-die movement. His death brings euthanasia back into the forefront of debated issues.

How does this article relate Government Topic?: My topic is euthanasia and Dr. Jack Kevorkian was heavily involved in it as he worked for people's rights to choose their own fate.

What are your thoughts/opinions about the issue(s) addressed in the article?: I think it's sad he passed away as he was a very intelligent, interesting man. I agree with what he was trying to accomplish.

Citations

Video

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-HLwSO6HnSA

Information

  • BBC. Anti-euthanasia arguments. 2011. November 7 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/euthanasia/against/against_1.shtml
  • BBC. Euthanasia and assisted suicide. 2012. January 3 2012. http://www.bbc.co.uk/health/support/terminalillness_euthanasia.shtml
  • BBC. Pro-euthanasia arguments. 2011. November 7 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/euthanasia/infavour/infavour_1.shtml
  • Nighting Ale Alliance.org. Legal Status of Assisted Suicide/Euthanasia in the United States. PDF. January 3 2012. http://www.nightingalealliance.org/pdf/state_grid.pdf
  • Procon.org. History of Euthanasia and Physician-Assisted Suicide. 2010. January 3 2012. http://euthanasia.procon.org/view.resource.php?resourceID=000130
  • Yount, Lisa. Right to Die and Euthanasia. 2007. New York, New York. Infobase Publishing.

Pictures/Maps/Videos

  • Medical Needle. immortalhumans.com http://www.google.com/imgres?q=euthanasia&hl=en&sa=X&gbv=2&biw=1366&bih=587&tbs=isz:l&tbm=isch&tbnid=zkBiP2NtBITKlM:&imgrefurl=http://www.immortalhumans.com/an-overview-on-euthanasia-are-we-the-master-of-our-own-destiny/&docid=47ALupMvMRRLMM&imgurl=http://www.immortalhumans.com/wp-content/uploads/stem-cell-research-media1.jpg&w=1200&h=904&ei=UAwKT-G4Bsrgggf--5HXCw&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=292&vpy=221&dur=803&hovh=195&hovw=259&tx=112&ty=146&sig=117624706465069799554&page=1&tbnh=143&tbnw=173&start=0&ndsp=12&ved=1t:429,r:1,s:0
  • Caduceus Medical Symbol Chrome. blog.timesunion.com http://www.google.com/imgres?q=medical+symbol&hl=en&gbv=2&biw=1366&bih=587&tbs=isz:l&tbm=isch&tbnid=bUb9Ny9DGMGm8M:&imgrefurl=http://blog.timesunion.com/opinion/can-america-find-a-way-that-works/9810/caduceus-medical-symbol-chrome/&docid=OoQ1NfrXPnXKEM&imgurl=http://blog.timesunion.com/opinion/files/2011/03/0310_WVhealthcare.jpg&w=1797&h=2059&ei=mA0KT6mpHZLcggf_nrXrBw&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=457&vpy=201&dur=530&hovh=240&hovw=210&tx=99&ty=118&sig=117624706465069799554&page=1&tbnh=147&tbnw=127&start=0&ndsp=14&ved=1t:429,r:2,s:0
  • Jack Kevorkian. cajunradio.net http://www.google.com/imgres?q=kevorkian&hl=en&gbv=2&biw=1366&bih=587&tbs=isz:l&tbm=isch&tbnid=EdMJZZBZh-gOBM:&imgrefurl=http://cajunradio.net/dr-jack-kevorkian-known-as-dr-death-joins-his-patients/jack-kevorkian-discusses-his-release-from-prison/&docid=qyV1lM8ikPOAYM&imgurl=http://wac.450f.edgecastcdn.net/80450F/cajunradio.net/files/2011/06/Jack-Kevorkian.jpg&w=3000&h=2000&ei=ew4KT5zFN8HX0QGdspC5Ag&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=473&vpy=286&dur=1170&hovh=183&hovw=275&tx=210&ty=120&sig=117624706465069799554&page=1&tbnh=142&tbnw=213&start=0&ndsp=14&ved=1t:429,r:9,s:0
  • USA. nationsonline.org http://www.google.com/imgres?q=united+states+map&hl=en&gbv=2&biw=1366&bih=587&tbs=isz:l&tbm=isch&tbnid=1xcwQHA7Zi7wQM:&imgrefurl=http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/usa_map.htm&docid=2CADO71ZNYxSzM&imgurl=http://www.nationsonline.org/maps/USA.jpg&w=1200&h=841&ei=HhAKT8n0Lae_0AHutoiHAg&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=280&vpy=225&dur=1135&hovh=188&hovw=268&tx=129&ty=102&sig=117624706465069799554&page=1&tbnh=128&tbnw=183&start=0&ndsp=12&ved=1t:429,r:1,s:0
  • Dr. Jack Kevorkian 1928-2011. Video. YouTube.com http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-HLwSO6HnSA
  • Euthanasia Acceptance Chart. Wikipedia. http://wikis.lib.ncsu.edu/index.php/PSY_376_Euthanasia
  • Euthanasia Political Cartoon. Cagle Post. http://www.cagle.com/2011/11/euthanasia/
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