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Cystitis

- inflammation of the urinary bladder,also called UTI or bladder infection

Causes: in most cases, bacteria enter the body through the urinary tract and begin to multiply, more common in women than men

Symptoms: strong urge to urinate, burning sensation when urinating, discomfort in pelvic area

Treatments: antibiotic medication, ibuprofen to ease the pain, let immune system fight it on it’s own

Urinary Bladder

- organ that collects urine from kidneys

-sits on the pelvic floor

Urine

-watery, yellowish fluid

-eliminates excess water and salt, nitrogen compounds, and other waste substances removed from blood in kidneys

Ureters

Renal Calculi

- tubes in which urine passes from the kidney to the bladder

-two ureters in the human body- one attached to each kidney

- kidney stones, small, hard deposit that forms in the kidneys

Causes: when urine contains more crystal forming substances (calcium, oxalate, uric acid) than the urine can dilute

Symptoms: severe pain below the ribs, pain in lower abdomen and groin, pain during urination, persistent need to urinate, nausea and vomiting

Treatments: small stones-drink water, pain relievers, medical therapy, large stones- use sound waves to break stone, use scope to remove stone, surgery to remove large stone

Metabolic Wastes

Urethra

-substances left over from excretory processes

-cannot be used by the organism so they must be excreted

Nitrogenous Wastes

-any metabolic waste that contains nitrogen

Ammonia

-colorless gas that dissolves in water

-is toxic even at low concentrations so it requires large amount of water to flush out

-when the amino group is removed from the amino acid it is converted to ammonia

-nitrogen compound in which toxic nitrogen is eliminated

-urine disposed from bladder through urethra

Urea

Uremia

-excess amino acid and protein metabolism end products that end up in the blood instead of urine

-organic chemical compound

-produced when liver breaks down down protein and amino acids

-kidneys transport urea from blood to urine

-nitrogen is expelled from the body through urea

- nitrogen compound in which toxic nitrogen is eliminated

Causes: any condition that impairs the kidney’s ability to filter waste- autoimmune disorders, kidney damage, kidney disease, surgery

Symptoms: nausea, vomiting, fatigue, anorexia/weight loss, muscle cramps, increased thirst

Treatments:blood products, blood transfusions, hospitalization, intravenous fluid

Kidneys

Urethritis

Creatinine

-inflammation of the urethra

Causes: bacteria that enters the urethra from the skin around the opening, herpes simplex virus

-compound produced by metabolism of creatine(muscle metabolism)

- is excreted in the urine

- kidneys filter out most of creatinine from bloodstream

- reliable indicator of kidney function

Renal Failure

-also known as kidney failure, decrease in function of kidneys

Symptoms: pain while urinating, frequent need to urinate, difficulty starting urination, itching/pain/discomfort when not urinating

Causes:blood vessels leading to kidney become blocked, direct damage to the kidneys, ureters become blocked and waste can’t leave body through urine

-pair of organs located on the left and right side of the abdomen

- remove waste products from the blood and produce urine

Symptoms:decrease urine output, fluid retention (swelling), drowsiness, confusion, nausea, chest pain, seizures

Treatments: antibiotics

Treatments:balance the amount of fluid in blood, medication to control blood potassium/restore blood calcium levels, dialysis to remove toxins from blood

Glomerulonephritis

Causes: viral infections, extra antibodies that settle in the glomeruli, bacterial endocarditis, Lupus, Goodpasture’s syndrome, IgA nephropathy

Symptoms: inflammation of tiny filters in kidneys (glomeruli), pink or cola-colored urine due to red blood cells in urine, foamy urine due to excess protein, high blood pressure, fluid retention, fatigue

Treatments: some cases improve on their own, treatment depends on cause ( control blood pressure, corticosteroids to control inflammation, immune suppressing drugs, plasmapheresis

Pyelonephritis

-also known as a kidney infection

Causes: typically occurs from a urinary tract infection(UTI), bacteria from other infections in the body can pass from bloodstream to the kidneys, but that is less likely

Symptoms:fever, back/side/groin pain, abdominal pain, frequent urination, burning sensation when urinating, urine that smells bad or is cloudy

Treatments:antibiotics, hospitalization for severe cases

Renal Vein

-veins that drain the kidney

-connect the kidney to the inferior vena cava

- carry the blood purified by the kidney

Renal Artery

-supply kidneys with blood

-up to a third of total cardiac output can pass through the renal arteries to the kidney

-directed off the crus of the diaphragm

Excretion

Urinary System Concept Map

The act or process of passing waste from the body

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