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- inflammation of the urinary bladder,also called UTI or bladder infection
Causes: in most cases, bacteria enter the body through the urinary tract and begin to multiply, more common in women than men
Symptoms: strong urge to urinate, burning sensation when urinating, discomfort in pelvic area
Treatments: antibiotic medication, ibuprofen to ease the pain, let immune system fight it on it’s own
- organ that collects urine from kidneys
-sits on the pelvic floor
-watery, yellowish fluid
-eliminates excess water and salt, nitrogen compounds, and other waste substances removed from blood in kidneys
- tubes in which urine passes from the kidney to the bladder
-two ureters in the human body- one attached to each kidney
- kidney stones, small, hard deposit that forms in the kidneys
Causes: when urine contains more crystal forming substances (calcium, oxalate, uric acid) than the urine can dilute
Symptoms: severe pain below the ribs, pain in lower abdomen and groin, pain during urination, persistent need to urinate, nausea and vomiting
Treatments: small stones-drink water, pain relievers, medical therapy, large stones- use sound waves to break stone, use scope to remove stone, surgery to remove large stone
-substances left over from excretory processes
-cannot be used by the organism so they must be excreted
-colorless gas that dissolves in water
-is toxic even at low concentrations so it requires large amount of water to flush out
-when the amino group is removed from the amino acid it is converted to ammonia
-nitrogen compound in which toxic nitrogen is eliminated
-urine disposed from bladder through urethra
-excess amino acid and protein metabolism end products that end up in the blood instead of urine
-organic chemical compound
-produced when liver breaks down down protein and amino acids
-kidneys transport urea from blood to urine
-nitrogen is expelled from the body through urea
- nitrogen compound in which toxic nitrogen is eliminated
Causes: any condition that impairs the kidney’s ability to filter waste- autoimmune disorders, kidney damage, kidney disease, surgery
Symptoms: nausea, vomiting, fatigue, anorexia/weight loss, muscle cramps, increased thirst
Treatments:blood products, blood transfusions, hospitalization, intravenous fluid
-inflammation of the urethra
Causes: bacteria that enters the urethra from the skin around the opening, herpes simplex virus
-compound produced by metabolism of creatine(muscle metabolism)
- is excreted in the urine
- kidneys filter out most of creatinine from bloodstream
- reliable indicator of kidney function
-also known as kidney failure, decrease in function of kidneys
Symptoms: pain while urinating, frequent need to urinate, difficulty starting urination, itching/pain/discomfort when not urinating
Causes:blood vessels leading to kidney become blocked, direct damage to the kidneys, ureters become blocked and waste can’t leave body through urine
-pair of organs located on the left and right side of the abdomen
- remove waste products from the blood and produce urine
Symptoms:decrease urine output, fluid retention (swelling), drowsiness, confusion, nausea, chest pain, seizures
Treatments: antibiotics
Treatments:balance the amount of fluid in blood, medication to control blood potassium/restore blood calcium levels, dialysis to remove toxins from blood
Symptoms: inflammation of tiny filters in kidneys (glomeruli), pink or cola-colored urine due to red blood cells in urine, foamy urine due to excess protein, high blood pressure, fluid retention, fatigue
Treatments: some cases improve on their own, treatment depends on cause ( control blood pressure, corticosteroids to control inflammation, immune suppressing drugs, plasmapheresis
-also known as a kidney infection
Causes: typically occurs from a urinary tract infection(UTI), bacteria from other infections in the body can pass from bloodstream to the kidneys, but that is less likely
Symptoms:fever, back/side/groin pain, abdominal pain, frequent urination, burning sensation when urinating, urine that smells bad or is cloudy
Treatments:antibiotics, hospitalization for severe cases
-veins that drain the kidney
-connect the kidney to the inferior vena cava
- carry the blood purified by the kidney
-supply kidneys with blood
-up to a third of total cardiac output can pass through the renal arteries to the kidney
-directed off the crus of the diaphragm
The act or process of passing waste from the body