Early Adulthood

Schaie's Life-Span Model of Cognitive Development

intellect is used in a social context

- objectives change over the life stages (from acquisition, to practicality, to a search for meaning)

1. Acquisitive Stage (childhood and adolescence

- basic acquisition of information and skills

2. Achieving Stage (late teens, or 20s to early 30s)

- knowing is used to pursue goals, not just for the sake of knowledge

3. Responsive Stage (late 30s to early 60s)

- solve practical problems associated with responsibilities to others

Sternberg's Triarchic (three-part) Theory of Intelligence (personal ability, experience, context)

Goleman - claims that parts of the brain control how people act on their emotions

-plays a part in how we acquire tacit knowledge

-anxiety may alert people to danger, but it also blocks effective action

Another theory is Holland’s Personality type theory which proposes that careers are chosen based on the personality of the individual, there are:

• •Realistic
• •Intellectual
• •Social
• •Conventional
• •Enterprising
• •Artistic

A survey of adults between the ages of 20-40 reveal:

Most imporant in a career? Participants responded:

• 37% Job satisfaction
• 16% Income
• 13% Security
• 10% Respect
• 10% Benifits

Thank you for your attention!

Emotional Intelligence

Early Adulthood

Salovey and Mayer coined the term Emotional Intelligence (EQ)

-ability to understand and regulate emotions

-delay gratification, impulse control

-empathy

-related to how people manage relationships

Careers

Eli Grinzberg’s Career Choice theory

• A Career is defined as “an occupation undertaken for a significant period of a person’s life and with opportunities for progress. (Oxford Dictionary of English, 2010)”

There are three stages of choosing a career:

• The fantasy period
• The tentative period
• The realistic period

• According to Psychologist George Vaillant, during early adulthood person’s become very concerned with their careers; this point of development is referred to as the career consolidation stage.

Stress Cont'd

Psychologists Arnold Lazarus & Susan Folkman believe that individuals go through a series of stages determining if stress is possible.

STRESS

Potential

Stressor

Primary Appraisal

• time
• consequences
• harm

Secondary Appraisal

• time available
• resources
• ability to cope

College

Stress has many negative impacts on the body such as:

• weakens the immune system
• blockage of the arteries

positve consequences

little no harm

Adequate resources

good ability to cope

The number of older students attending college has increased in the recent years.

One reason is the downturn in the economy,

but also as people age maturation reform takes place. They look for better ways to provide for their family.

As well as just to stay up to date.

threat reduced

no threat

(cc) photo by medhead on Flickr

Need a job to have something to do.

Why is a job important?

Need a job to earn an income.

Ned a job to give you a sense of worth.

Different

perspectives

Challenges

• Some freshmen must deal with first-year adjustment reaction- a combination of psychological symptoms, including (but not limited to) lonliness, depression, anxiety and depression.

• Academic disidentification- the disregard of school, just accept that they would not succed.

• Stereotype threat - the fear that one will conform to a stereotype.

Is College Necessary?

(cc) photo by medhead on Flickr

39% say that college is necessary

61% say that college is not necessary

Many young adults reported that a college education is helpful but is not necessary to be sucessfull.

Gender & Work

There are many jobs that are stereotypically male or female.

There are communal professions, careers which are associated with relationships (such as nursing),

and there are agentic professions, careers which are associated with getting things done (such as carpentry).

Commuunal professions are stereotypically female and agentic professions are stereotypically male.

Physical Fitness

Why Work???

People chose the professions they chose for many diffrent reasons,

some are driven by extrinsic motivation, driven by things such as money or status,

others are driven by intrinsic motivation, driven by their enjoyment.

According to Anastasia de Waal, a social policy analyst at the think tank Civitas:

"A job is about your life, it is not about your income," she said.

"It is about every aspect – having the motivation to get up in the morning, self-esteem and being a role model to your children. Income is almost secondary to that.

"People's lives fall apart if they don't have a job. They are much more likely to be depressed if they are out of work, and there is a strong relationship between unemployment and family breakdown and health difficulties."

HEALTH AND NUTRITION

• Complete physical maturity
• Less prone to minor illness due to increase physical activites
• Circulation of the blood increases in rate
• The lung increase in capacity
• Muscles become stronger and flexible
• Reduce chances of osteoporosis ( the thinning of the bones)

1.Componential

Element

PHYSICAL

DEVELOPMENT

3.Contextual

Element

2.Experiential

Element

For the first time since infancy illnesses overtake accidencts in the main causes of deaths.

• AIDS
• Heart Disease
• Cancer
• Suicide
• Tobacco
• Unprotected Sex
• Alcohol

Secondary aging ( physical decline due to the environment) also effect the death rate.

Early Adulthood

20-40 years

At this stage, all physical developments and maturation are complete. All body parts are of proportional size and the redicules of childhood end. The brain also reaches maximum weight and size. At the beginning of this stage persons are also more vigorous and healthy. However, senescence, the natural physical decline cause by aging, has begun but isn't obvious until the later stages. All sences are also at it's peak. However there is a gender difference. Women are able to detect higher tones more readily than men. The average young adult can hear a watch ticking from 20 feet away, under quiet conditions.

• personal
• ability
• native ability

The development task of early adulthood

Knowing more about

the context;

"street smart".

Experience helps

adults solve

problems.

The diet of a young adult should consist of

• Whole grains
• poultry
• low-fat dair products
• dried beans
• fruits and vegetables

• Psychological separation from parents
• Accepting responsibility for one's own body,
• Becoming aware of one's personal history and time limitation,
• Integrating sexual experience(homosexual or heterosexual) developing a capacity for intimacy with a partner,
• Deciding whether to have children,
• Having and relating to children,
• Establishing adult relationships with parents, Acquiring marketable skills,
• Choosing a career,
• Using money to further development,
• Assuming social role,
• Adapting ethical and spiritual values.

Cognitive Development

More than 31% of young adults are

overweight and 7-10% of these persons are obese.

> Compared to adolescent thought, which deals with universal truths and rational absolutes, young adult

thinking is much more personal, practical and integrative. The demands that society places on the young

adult to use their skills to make occupational and interpersonal choices and decisions require that thinking

be directed in this way.

Forging relationships:

Intimacy, liking & love during early adulthood

• Friendship - friendship is most important relationship in our lives. Why?

People choose friendship on two levels:

Proximity- people form friendships with others who live nearby and whom they come in contact with most frequently,

&

Similarity- birds of a feather flock togeather: persons are attracted to others who hold same attitudes and values that are similar to theirs, we also choose friends on the basis of their personal qulaities

Key Points In Young Adult

Cognitivity :

Passionate(or romantic love) a state of powerful absorption in Someone,

Companionate love, the strong affection for those with whom our lives deeply involved.

Bernard murstein theory stimulus-value-role (svr)

- thinking moves from rigidity to flexibility, to freely chosen commitments

- ability to shift from abstract reasoning to practical considerations and back

- ability to see multiple causes and multiple solutions

- ability to choose the best of several solutions and recognize criteria for choosing

- awareness of paradox, that solutions have inherent conflict or problems

Labeling theory of passionate love, this is the theory which states that individuals experience romantic love when two events occur together:

• Intense physiological arousal
• Situational cues suggesting that the arousal is due to love(elaine hatfield and Ellen berscheid's theory)

Relationships proceed in a fixed order of three stages:

• Stimulus stage, relationships are built on surface, physcial characterics,
• The value stage, occurs on between second and seventh encouter when persons start to characterized relationship by similarity of values and belifes
• The role stage, this is the stage were couple define themselves.

Robert sternberg triangular theory

Sternberg broke these three stages down into eight combinations:

• non-love,
• liking,
• infatuated love,
• empty love,
• romantic love,
• companionate love,
• fatuous love,
• consummate love.

• The intimacy component which encompasses feelings of closeness, affection, and connectedness.
• The passion component, comprises the motivational drives relating to sex and physical closeness, and romance.
• The decision/commitment component, embodies both the initial cognition that one loves another person and the longer-term determination to maintain that love

Gay & Lesbian Relationships

Attchment styles and romantic relationships:

• Securely attached children have positive and healthy relationships,
• Avoidant infants are uncomfortable being close to others and find it very difficult to trust them completely and to depend on them,
• Anxious-ambivalent infants, are reluctant to get close to others and constantly finds themselves questioning partners loyalty.