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Artificial blood has already been used by athletes around the world for the purpose of cheating. Blood substitutes, namely PFC's have a higher capacity to hold oxygen compared to human blood. Athletes are putting their health, and in cases, their lives on the line to obtain an unfair advantage against their competition. The ability to have a higher aerobic capacity is, as of the current day, untraceable and has no possible screening is available (National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2001).

Currently PFC's are not a viable option for distribution due to the potential consequences and threats that could inflict the patient. PFC's bind nitric acid, affecting the blood flow causing damaging short term and long term effects.

The Haemoglobin based blood substitutes last no more than a day after being transfused into the body.

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The Future

Currently there are several companies working on different solutions towards the production to a safer and more resourceful blood substitute (National Center for Biotechnology Information 2001).

In the future, it is predicted that new materials to hold oxygen will be discovered, additionally, longer lasting substitute will be developed, it is also hoped that in the future, a product that can perform the other functions of blood such as to replace white blood cells will be created.

Analysis of Sources

Spahn, D 1999, National Center for Biotechnology Information, Blood substitutes, Artificial oxygen carriers: perflurocarbon emulsions, [online], available at: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC137239/

[Accessed 13 April 2014]

This article was based mainly on the functions, processes and backgrounds to PFC's. It discussed the progress of the Branded PFC's and their issues, as well as just how PFC's work and also, why they don't work. The article also discussed the subject of Blood substitutes as an alternative to allogenic blood and the future of PFC's with humans and where it could be used.

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Sarkar, S 2008, National Center for Biotechnology Information- US National Library of Medicine Artificial Blood [online], available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2738310/ [Accessed 12 April 2014]

Due to it being an official US website, the information on this site proved to be a credible source of information. It provided as a starting point on the subject of Artificial blood and gave general points of information such as the history of blood and the different types of blood substitutes. It was based purely on facts and knowledge and little bias came into play as it was written by a number of experts in their field of expertise. The Site gave me more than enough information to give me a firm grasp on what blood substitutes really are and much of my information came from the NCBI.

1

Kresie L. (2001) Baylor University Medical Center [online], available at: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1291332

[Accessed 13 April 2014]

An article written by a Doctor of medicine, this article was focused on the red blood cells and platelets found in blood. It discussed the problems with Infections such as HIV and the use of Red Blood substitutes and platelets to avoid the Infections in order to abolish infections through transfusions. It listed the good and the bad for the use of Artificial products and how it can make the difference. I used this site for the information on Transfusion related infections as well as the detailed discussion on the different types of Haemoglobin

Royal Society of Chemistry (2010) Artificial Blood [online], available at http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/Issues/2010/October/ArtificialBlood.asp

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[Accessed 12 April 2014]

This website made by the Royal Society of Chemistry provided me with excellent information on the story behind why Artificial blood and blood substitutes is so sought after and its early history of who, how and why Artificial Blood is where it is today. The RSC is a professional association originating in the UK that is globally active with offices all around the world. This side was the most credible out of all my other sources.

It talked about, and compared two different brands of artificial blood and the obstacles and issues as to why these brands of blood substitutes aren't used in hospitals today.

Mind meets matter (2010) Artificial Oxygen Carriers [online], available at: blogs.dickinson.edu/mindmeetsmatter/category/artificial-blood-artificial-oxygen-carriers/

[Accessed 13 April 2013]

Although not the most credible and reliable source of information, this website however brought out some interesting arguments about how Artificial blood and Artificial blood substitutes can change the world we live in. The author, who goes by the name of 'Liz' regularly posts on the website concerning Artificial blood. I used this site more for the Arguments it brought out rather than the information it contained.

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Sources

Thakkar, A 2007, The blood of the future, [online], available at: cosmos.ucdavis.edu/archives/2007/cluster1/thakkar_anjali.pdf [Accessed 19 April 2014]

Kahn, M 2002, Red Gold, [online], available at: www.pbs.org/wnet/redgold/experts/index.html [Accessed 19 April 2014]

Neelam, S 2012, ARTIFICIAL BLOOD: A TOOL FOR SURVIVAL OF HUMANS, [online], available at: www.irjponline.com/admin/php/uploads/1079_pdf.pdf [Accessed 19 April 2014]

Mind meets matter (2010) Artificial Oxygen Carriers [online], available at: blogs.dickinson.edu/mindmeetsmatter/category/artificial-blood-artificial-oxygen-carriers/

[Accessed 13 April 2013]

Kresie L. (2001) Baylor University Medical Center [online], available at: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1291332

[Accessed 13 April 2014]

Spahn, D 1999, National Center for Biotechnology Information, Blood substitutes, Artificial oxygen carriers: perflurocarbon emulsions, [online], available at: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC137239/

[Accessed 13 April 2014]

Royal Society of Chemistry (2010) Artificial Blood [online], available at http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/Issues/2010/October/ArtificialBlood.asp [Accessed 12 April]

Sarkar, S 2008, National Center for Biotechnology Information- US National Library of Medicine Artificial Blood [online], available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2738310/ [Accessed 12 April 2014]

So what is the future of

Artificial...

Personal Views and Opinions

In my opinion, Artificial blood and blood substitutes are not a viable option for everyday global use. Yes, they have an array of extremely resourceful and useful traits which makes them a tempting alternative to regular donor blood but the risks in doing so and the problems it creates are too severe for it to be named the new everyday blood.

In the not too distant future however, once further research has been completed and the risks abolished, the concept of a blood substitute will be the next globally impacting medical breakthrough and ultimately save many lives.

Con Artificial

Pro Artificial

Artificial Blood

So how does artificial blood work?

Donor blood can only be stored for a maximum 42 days before it expires and slowly loses its quality shortly after it is collected. (RSC, 2010). Artificial blood has a longer shelf life and can be stored for around 1 to 2 years. In places or times of war, the versatility of Artificial Blood will mean that the need to constantly change the ready supply of donor blood will no longer be necessary, as well as no longer needing to maintain the blood itself while it is being held.

  • Artificial Blood can be stored for longer periods of time.

  • It has more lenient storage requirements such as the ability to be stored at room temperature.

  • The Blood can be sterilized meaning there is no risk of infections through transfusions
  • such as Aids.

  • Uses the Universal blood type O meaning there is no risk of mismatched transfusion.

One of the main intentions of Artificial blood is to mimic real blood and carry the necessary gases required for respiration (Sarkar, 2008, P.1). Unfortunately, oxygen transport has been difficult to recreate, there are only two known solutions that will allow oxygen transport in Artificial blood.

The basics of Blood

A major issue concerning blood transfusion in the most developing countries are infections. The reason behind developing countries having high infection rates through blood transfusions are because they usually can't afford testing the donated blood. If Artificial blood becomes globally available, blood transfusions will become much safer and possibly reduce the infection rates such as HIV in countries (Mind meets matter 2010, 6). It is able to do this because unlike Donor blood, Blood substitutes can be heat-sterilized.

Blood is a complex mixture of cells and a fluid, its mainly composed of mineral salts, nutrients, proteins and hormones.

The three main components are the red blood cells to hold the gases, the salt needed to carry the red cells and the proteins to prevent the fluid from leaking.

The protein in the red blood cells, called Haemoglobin, is what specifically carry the oxygen and is one of the more complex components of blood.

Artificial Blood and doping

Increased risk of Heart attacks

Current limitations

The leading risk of blood transfusion in all countries in the modern day is the risk of a mismatched transfusion. Immune related reactions occur when your immune system attacks components of the blood being transfused. Different blood types are determined by the presence or absence of antigens A and B as well as a third antigen called the Rh factor. The universal red cell donor is Type O negative. O negative has neither A or B antigens meaning it is compatible with both (American Red Cross 2014). Artificial blood is Type O negative meaning it can be used with any blood type, further increasing its usefulness and urgency to become available..

Currently there are only a handful of Artificial blood substitutes approved for human use. The first of them all was a PFC called Fluosol-Da-20 which was approved in 1989 but soon withdrawn for its complexity of use and side effects.

The diagram is a set of instructions from the Blood substitute approved in south Africa "Hemopure". The race is on for the first Artificial blood substitute to be approved for global use, but with the knowledge and technology we have today, Hemopure is the closest we can get to a product that we can use in place of blood.

According to studies released by the Journal of American Medical Association, conducted in 2008 in the US involving 3711 patients through 16 different studies, blood substitutes have a 30% increased rick of death and 3x the chance of having a heart attack. It is speculated that the Haemoglobin collects nitric acid and causes blood vessels to constrict, though little evidence has been found on the matter.

HBOC's

Ever since there has been violence and illness, humans have been experimenting and learning about blood.

Throughout medieval times, blood transfusions have been attempted. the majority ending in death.

The science in blood kicked off in 1616 when William Harvey discovered blood circulation (Lee, 2011, 3) .

During the early 1800's extensive testing and research on blood changed the thinking of many scientists. Different substances were used in place of blood, and slowly the idea of Artificial blood / blood substitutes formed.

PFC's

HBOC's, short for Haemoglobin based oxygen carrier, is the other potential solution to the oxygen carrying problem for Artificial blood. HBOC's are usually made from extracted Outdated donor blood.

Haemoglobin is made out of 4 subunits, 2 alpha and 2 beta, by modifying the subunits the effectiveness of the Haemoglobin actually increases.

Another way of producing synthetic HBOC's are by using components such as amino acids, molasses, glucose, acetic acid, alcohols, urea and liquid ammonia through an incubation process (Sarkar, 2008, P.1).

PFC's or perfluorocarbons are chemically inert, synthetic liquids that dissolve oxygen (Spahn, D 1999). PFC's are former hydrocarbons which had the hydrogen removed and replaced by fluorine. PFC's are able to store approximately 50 times more oxygen than blood plasma(Spahn, D 1999). Their cost efficiency as well as easy manufacturing make it an attractive option, as well as the fact that it is safe from spreading infectious diseases due to it being made from non biological materials.

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