Behaviour Modification: Shaping

A Common Temper Tantrum

Clinical Example of Shaping Problem Behaviours

Teaching Someone to Drive

target behaviour: pass the on-road driving test

Shaping and the Brain

Facebook, Instagram, and the future of young women

Can we use shaping to teach our younger sister to drive? Yes, we probably could if we broke it into multiple target behaviours:

• Ex.
• to parallel park
• to make a 3-point turn

Should we?

• Neuroplasticity in the brain allows for neural connections to be made that associate novel behaviour to already existing behaviour

• Dopamine is released in anticipation to the already existing behaviour, and then you shape the new behaviour and the association is made between dopamine release and the novel behaviour.

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The Result of Shaping

Changing Dimension of Behaviour Using Shaping

"Self-injurious behavior: shaping “head banging” in monkeys"

- H. H. Schaefer (1970)

Marketing and Consumer Behaviour

Target Behaviour: getting consumers to buy products

Target Behaviour:

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Everyday Life Examples:

Is the behaviour you want to see demonstrated; the end goal

Successive Approximations Examples

- Enter into store --> reinforcer: door prize

- Buying Produce --> reinforcer: free samples/ trial periods/ buy one get one free

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Shaping in the workplace

Extinction

what's next? ...

is the conditioning phenomenon in which a behavior that has been previously reinforced no longer results in the reinforcing consequences and, therefore, the behavior stops occurring in the future.

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Reinforcer:

Everyday Life Example:

Is a stimulus or event that increases the future probablity of a behaviour when it occurs. It is contingent on the occurence of the behaviour

(Miltenberger, 2012)

Scientific Article

Shaping Novel behaviour - Experimental Example

Teaching Children Conservation of Melody

New Year's Resolutions:

• I want my old body back
• I want to get back into the gym
• I want to get back in shape

- Conservation of melody: The ability know that characteristics of a melody is not changed by a change in tempo. (Piaget's Theory)

Differential Reinforcement

"In 2006, a branch manager of a Sears Department Store in Pennsylvania was having a difficult time getting his staff to prompt customers to apply for Sears credit cards. Customers had continually said “No,” whenever asked, and this negative reinforcement had resulted in the employees no longer trying."

"Using reinforcement methods to motivate employees. He offered his employees a bonus on their paycheck for every credit card application processed. Every 90 days, the employee with the most submitted applications would be recognized at work and receive a gift card."

"As a result, the Sears store became the number one store for credit card applications in the state. "

-Michelle Rebecca (2012)

1. Define the behaviour

- Using Shaping to help children acquire conservation of Melody (Botvin, 1974)

• You need a precise, measureable target behavior so that you know if you are shaping that behaviour successfully.

A procedure in which a reinforcer follows a specific desirable behavior but other undesireable behaviours are not reinforced

• The result is an increase in the desirable behavior and extinction of the other behaviors

-Target Behaviour: Teaching first graders to know that a musical melody stays the same regardless of a tempo change

Parts Unknown: Undercover Ethnography of the Organs-Trafficking Underworld

Shaping: A Behavior-Modification Tool That Helps Change Behavior, Achieve Goals

- Debbie Campbell, 2008

Successive Approximation

A Simple Reinforcement Strategy for Increasing Attendance at a Fitness Facility

- Courneya, Estabrooks, and Nigg, 1977

Akeem's Experiment:

Step one: define the behaviour

Shape your dog to pick up a toy and put it away in a bin

-Nancy Scheper-Hughes

In the process of shaping, a successive approximation is a behavior that more closely resembles the target behavior.

(Miltenberger, 2012)

Steps to shaping

Patience, friends...

Behavioural Modification:

There's just a few things you need to know :

Shaping

How to Shape a Behaviour

1. Define the behaviour

2. Determine whether shaping is the most appropriate procedure

3. Identify the starting behaviour

4. Choose the shaping steps

5. Choose the reinforcer

6. Differentially reinforce successive approximations

7. Move through the steps at a proper pace

Everyday Life Examples

Shaping the volunteer

Akeem, Kayla and Sophia

• If the person already demonstrates the behavior on occasion you can use other techniques to strengthen that behavior.

• If you can simply tell the person to do the target behavior, and they will oblige, you do not need to use shaping.

• Reinforcement must be provided immediately

Everyday Life Examples:

risky behaviour:

Rekindling Romance

Amy Sutherland

What Shamu Taught Me About a Happy Marriage (2006)

arguing:

so, what is shaping??

Who's big idea was this, anyway??

Shaping Problem Behaviours

"When a dolphin does something wrong, the trainer doesn't respond in any way. He stands still for a few beats, careful not to look at the dolphin, and then returns to work. The idea is that any response, positive or negative, fuels a behavior. If a behavior provokes no response, it typically dies away."

Shaping is :

Can we please have a volunteer ?

B.F Skinner

1943: the discovery of shaping

- shaping pigeons to learn to bowl

3. Identify the starting behaviour

(Miltenberger, 2012)

temper-tantrums:

• It is possible to shape problem behaviours accidently

• Caregivers can shape new bad behaviour accidently by providing attention when children act out. Ex. A child may ask for attention and you ignore them, then they will try screaming and crying, if you now give them attention you have shaped this problem behavior as the child learns they can get your attention through screaming and crying.

Target behaviour (goal):

• having a target (goal) behaviour in mind
• establishing steps that work toward that target behaviour.
• positively reinforcing only a specific behaviour at a time (the step you are currently on) - while ignoring all other behaviours
• once one step has been accomplished, shaping requires you to move on to the next step, only ever reinforcing the current step until the target behaviour is reached

• Must be a behavior that the person already engages in

We want the student to pick up the water bottle and place it on the "x"

Pre-1943: Skinner conducted experiments on rats that incorporated shaping techniques

Clinical Examples:

Sources for Definitions and Other Material

Method of behavioural modification:

1. Miltenberger, Raymond G. . Behaviour Modification: Principles and Procedures. 5th edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2012, 2008. 159-175. Print.

Clinical Examples:

Shaping. We will use positive reinforcement (snapping) for each step closer to the goal of picking up the bottle and placing it on the "x"

Akeem's Experiment:

Step three: determine the starting behaviour

Starting behavior is picking up the toy around the bin

Karen Pryor (1999)

• professional animal trainer
• recommends shaping to teach pets new tricks - like catching a frisbee

Getting Mrs.S to increase the time between Bathroom Visits

- O'Neil & Gardner (1983)

Shaping:

Instructions:

2. Determine whether shaping is the most appropriate procedure

(the academic definition)

Producing behavior change -in parents of disturbed children

-Johnson and Brown (1969)

• If the person already demonstrates the behavior on occasion you can use other techniques to strengthen that behavior.
• If you can tell the person to do the target behavior, if you can physically assist the person in doing the behavior, or if you can show the person the correct behavior you do not need to use shaping

1. Generating a novel behaviour

3. Changing an existing behaviour

Shaping is used to develop a target behavior that a person does not currently exhibit

Shaping is defined as: the differential reinforcement of successive approximations of a target behavior until the person exhibits the target behavior

Sources for Everyday Examples

Akeem's Experiment:

Step two: determine whether shaping is the most appropriate procedure

Shaping is the most appropriate behavior because it is a novel behavior for the dog, it would not be approprate to punish the dog, and simply asking the dog to prefrom the target behaviour would not be effective.

The student will enter the room, we will snap.

When the student takes a step closer to the botttle we will snap.

When the student steps away from the bottle / "x", we will remain silent.

When the student makes further progress toward the target behaviour, we will snap.

This will continue until the student picks up the bottle and places it on the "x"

Get it ?

7. Move through the steps at a proper pace

1. Intro:

(getting a volunteer to pick up a pen)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_312KVQlTcM.

6. Differentially reinforce successive approximations

Everyday Life Examples

• Move through the shaping steps at a proper pace
• Need to master each approximation before moving on.
• Reinforcing one approximation to many times may make it difficult to move on to following approximations.

• Reinforce each behavior until they happen on their own.
• Once the participant masters a stage, you move on to the next approximation and only reinforce that behavior, putting the previous approximation on extinction.

2. User-generated Media:

• Guosong Shao, (2009) "Understanding the appeal of user-generated media: a uses and gratification perspective", Internet Research, Vol. 19 Iss: 1, pp.7 - 25. http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?articleid=1769098&show=abstract.
• Burke, Moria, Cameron Maslow, and Thomas Lento. "Feed Me: Motivating Newcomer Contribution in Social Network Sites." Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. (2009): 945-954 . Web. 27 Jan. 2013. <http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1518847>.

(Miltenberger, 2012)

• toileting infants
• teaching children to use cutlery
• teaching circus

animals tricks

Akeem's Experiment:

Step six: Differentially reinforce successive approximations

In this case we followed the steps:

• We started by giving the dog the toy around the bin and reinforced her when she dropped it near the bin.
• Next we got her to drop the toy into the bin. Etc.
• Each approximation being reinforced with the click of the clicker first and then a piece of cheese.

Akeem's Experiment:

Step seven: Move through the steps at a proper pace

• Because of the limits of class we were not able to successfully shape the behavior although she did pick up the toy and drop it into the bin when they toy was near the bin already.
• But because of time limits the approximations were rushed and as the toy was moved further and further away from the bin the dog got confused.

Conclusion:

Everyday Life Example:

3. How to give your date a cookie

• Nicholson, Dr. Jeremy. "How To Give Your Date A Cookie." Attraction Doctor. Psychology Today. (2011): n. page. Web. 27 Jan. 2013. <http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-attraction-doctor/201106/how-give-your-date-cookie>.

5. Choose the reinforcer

Akeem's Dog Experiment

dealing with messy roommates

Shaping in Practice

• getting a partner to do something new sexually

• Must be a strong reinforcer for the participant being shaped.
• Must be able to be delivered immediately following a behaviour (i.e. clicker with animals)
• A full pet would be less inclined to preform tricks for food than a hungry one

• What is shaping? What does it involve?
• When should you use shaping?
• When should you not use shaping?
• What 3 ways can shaping be used?
• What are the steps involved in order to shape a behaviour?
• What is an example of a problem behaviour that may accidentally be shaped?

Ways that shaping can be used:

Everyday Life Example:

training a gold fish

1. To generate novel behaviour

Akeem's Experiment:

Step five: Choose the reinforcer

You can use the Dogs favorite treat and pair that treat with a clicker in order to reinforce the dog immediately after successful behavior

In this case the US was cheese treats and the CR was the click of the clicker

2. To reinstate a previously exhibited behaviour

Clinical / Everyday Life Example:

Sources for Clinical Examples

user-generated social media

2. Reinstating a previously exisiting behaviour

Understanding the appeal of user-generated media: a uses and gratification perspective

- Guosong Shao, 2009

Feed Me: Motivating Newcomer Contribution in Social Network Sites

- Moira Burke, Cameron Marlow and Thomas Lento (2009)

3. To change some dimension of an existing behaviour

1. Pryor (1999) - Dog Training

2. O'Neil, G. W., & Gardner, R. (1983) Behavioural Principles in medical rehabilitation: A practical guide. Springfield, IL. Charles C. Thomas

3. Johnson, S. A., &Brown, R. A. Producing behavior change -in parents of disturbed children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 1969, 10, 107-121.

User-generated media:

likes / comments/shares as positive reinforcement

(Miltenberger, 2012)

Clinical Examples:

Everyday Life Examples:

Rehabilitation

Everyday Life Example:

Sea-lion training at the zoo

shaping in the bedroom:

Getting Mrs. F to walk again

O'Neil and Gardner (1983)

Everyday Life Example

rats playing soccer

Outline:

Everyday Life Example:

• children
• elderly

Links for Photos

How To Give Your Date A Cookie

-Dr. Jeremy Nicholson, 2011

positive reinforcement:

• smiles
• laughter
• eye-contact

O'Neil and Gardner (1983)

Links for Photos Cont'd:

4. Choose the shaping steps

• Slide 2 - http://www.funnycutestuff.com/page/8/
• Slide 5- http://www.swimupstreamlife.com/2012/09/so-you-hurt-your-back-tying-your-shoe.html
• Slide 7 - http://www.capretto.net/psychologyunit.shtml
• http://terriermandotcom.blogspot.ca/2012/04/shocking-news-about-bf-skinner.html
• Slide 13 - http://movieboozer.com/2012/10/19/amazing-spiderman-2-emma-stone-out/dr-dolittle-2-5-1/
• http://designbrothers.wordpress.com/
• Slide 18 - http://www.emtek.net.nz/recipes/html/dog-catching-frisbee.html
• Slide 22 - http://www.wired.com/geekmom/2013/01/facebooks-new-privacy-settings/
• http://memeburn.com/2011/11/what-killed-myspace-is-facebook-next/
• http://venturebeat.com/2012/12/30/technology-2012-the-years-winners-and-losers/youtube-logo-3/
• Slide 24 - http://www.rtkconsort.org/how-flirt-women/.

Slide 26 - http://www.google.ca/search?client=safari&rls=en&q=rehabilitation&oe=UTF-8&redir_esc=&um=1&ie=UTF-8&hl=en&tbm=isch&source=og&sa=N&tab=wi&ei=cYYFUfeCDIizyAHl4oHICg&biw=1233&bih=482&sei=coYFUeuhN-HSygGp5YHYDA

• What is shaping?
• differential reinforcement, successive approximations, reinforcer, target behaviour
• shaping and the brain
• In what ways can be used?
• clinical and everyday examples
• How to shape a behaviour
• important things to remember
• Shaping problem behaviours
• Article review
• Conclusion

Sources/ Links for Everyday Life Example

• Must be able to master each step before moving on to the next step
• Each step must be a successive approximation to the next behaviour, each ultimately leading to the target behaviour

"This process [shaping] also occurs in dating. In fact, we're doing it constantly! Most people are just not doing it consciously." (Nicholson,2011)

4. Diet / Exercise:

• Courneya, K., P. Estabrooks, and C. Nigg, A Simple Reinforcement Strategy for Increasing Attendance at a Fitness Facility. Health Education & Behavior, 1997. 24(6): p. 708-715. http://www.drdelchiaro.com/sample%20hl%20paper.pdf
• Campbell, Debbie. "Shaping: A Behavior-Modification Tool That Helps Change Behavior, Achieve Goals." Yahoo! Contributor Network. (2011): n. page. Web. 27 Jan. 2013. <http://voices.yahoo.com/shaping-behavior-modification-tool-helps-change-1744613.html?cat=51>.

5. Rekindling romance in relationships

• Amy, Sutherland. "What Shamu Taught Me About a Happy Marriage." New York Times [New York] 25 june 2006, n. pag. Web. 27 Jan. 2013. <http://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/25/fashion/25love.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0>.

Changing an existing behaviour - Clinical Example

6. Shaping problem behaviours

• Risky behaviours
• Patterson, G. R. and Brodsky, G. (1966), A BEHAVIOUR MODIFICATION PROGRAMME FOR A CHILD WITH MULTIPLE PROBLEM BEHAVIOURS. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 7: 277–295. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1966.tb02253.x

Shaping to Change Sexual Behaviours

Shaping Novel Behaviour - clinical example

Helping Child Development

Akeem's Experiment:

Step four: Choose the shaping steps

• Give dog the toy around the bin and get him/her to drop it near the bin
• Give dog the toy around the bin and get him/her to drop it in the bin.
• Get the dog to pick up the toy from the floor and then drop it into the bin
• Move the toy further and further away from the bin. Then get her to pick up the toy, bring it to the bin, and drop it into the bin

- Target Behaviour: Using ONLY appropriate fantasies to reach orgasm

- Using shaping procedures in orgasmic reconditioning to redirect sexual behaviour (Marquis, 1970)

Journal Articles Works Cited

Links for Videos

- Shaping can be used to help mute children with intellectual disabilities to make vocal imitations (Hung, 1976)

- Target Behaviour: Child makes vocal response identical to the vocal stimulus

- 3 stages of successive approximations were used

-a change in reinforcement schedule is used

1. fish swimming through hoop

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pHC-X8xBMOI.

Hung, David W. (1976). Teaching Mute Retarded Children Vocal Imitation. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 7.1 85-88. VanDeventer,A.D., & Laws D.R., (1978) Orgasmic reconditioning to redirect sexual arousal in pedophiles. Behaviour therapy, 9, 748-765.Nord, W.R., & Peter, J.P. (1980) a behaviour modification perspective on marketing. Journal of Marketing, 44(2). 36-47. Marquis, J.N., (1970) Orgasmic reconditioning: changing sexual object choice through controlling masturbation fantasies, J. Behav. THer. & Exp. Psychiat 1, 263-271.Peterson, G.B., (2004) A day of great illumination: B.F. Skinner’s discovery of shaping. Journal of the experimental analysis of behaviour. 82(3), 317-328.

2. sea-lion training at the zoo

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5iQPIpAmbHk.

3. rats playing soccer

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NML9ZMdV4xk.