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DRAM (dynamic random access memory)

1) To expand the memory in the computer because it's cheaper type of memory.

2) Dynamic RAM chips are cheaper to manufacturer than most other types because they are less complex.

3) "Dynamic" refers to the memory chips' need for a constant update signal in order to keep the information that is written there.

DRAM

SDRAM

ADRAM

SRAM (STATIC random access memory)

Characterized by its independence from

the CPU's external clock

Shares a common clock signal with the computer's system bus clock, which provides the common signal that all local-bus components use for each step that they perform.

Have codes on them that end in a numerical value that is related to access time of memory.

SINGLE DATA RATE SDRAM (sdr sdram)

CACHE

DIRECT RAMBUS DRAM (DRDRAM)

OPTICAL STORAGE DEVICES

every time the system clock ticks, 1 bit of data can be transmitted per data pin, limiting the bit rate per pin of SDRAM to the corresponding numerical value of the clock's frequency.

Is a legacy proprietary SDRAM technology, sometimes called RDRAM, dropping direct and most often associated with server platforms.

FAST PAGE MODE

(FPM)

The common thread is the 8-byte system data bus.

Much faster data transfer rates from attached devices such as videocams using FireWire and the Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP).

sdr sdram

Provides a two-byte (16 bit) bus rather than DRAM's 8-bit bus.

DRDRAM

Allows faster access to data in the same row or page. Page-mode memory works by eliminating the need for a row address if data is located in the row previously accessed. It is sometimes called page mode memory.

DOUBLE DATA RATE SDRAM (ddr sdram)

FPM

BURST EDO (BEDO)

EXTENDED DATA OUT

(EDO)

DDR5 SDRAM

1) Doesn't require a refresh signal like DRAM does.

2) More complex & are thus more expensive.

3) Considerably faster.

4) Has access times faster than 10ns.

5) Used for cache memory.

By doubling the transfer rate of ordinary SDRAM.

By double-pumping the data.

Transferring a bit per pin on both the rising and falling edges of the clock signal.

Uses 8-bit wide prefetch

buffers similar to GDDR4 and

DDR3 SDRAM.

Faster than conventional DRAM. Unlike conventional DRAM which can only access one block of data at a time, EDO RAM can start fetching the next block of memory at the same time that it sends the previous block to the CPU.

Transfers two 32-bit wide data words

per write clock (WCK) cycle to/from the

I/O pins.

Can process four memory addresses in one burst. Unlike SDRAM, however, BEDO DRAM can only stay synchronized with the CPU clock for short periods (bursts). Also, it can't keep up with processors whose buses run faster than 66 MHz.

ddr sdram

DDR2 SDRAM

DDR5 SDRAM

GDDR5 operates with two different

clock types :

a) command clock (CK)

b) write clock (WCK)

EDO

Using a lower peak voltage to keep power consumption down.

BEDO

DDR4 SDRAM

Still double pumping, uses both sweeps of the clock signal for data transfer.

DDR3 SDRAM

Higher module density and lower voltage requirements, coupled with higher data

rate transfer speeds.

Splits each clock pulse in 2, doubling the number of operations it can perform per FSB clock cycle.

Was designed to be twice as fast as DDR2 memory that operates with the same system clock speed.

Allows for DIMMs of up to 128 GiB in capacity, compared to the DDR3's maximum of 16 GiB per DIMM.

Nominally produces 4 times the throughput that SDR is capable of producing.

Required to lower power consumption to make up for higher frequencies.

DDR2 SDRAM

DDR4 operates at a voltage of 1.2 V with a frequency between 1600 and 3200 MHz, compared to frequencies between 800 and 2400 MHz and voltage requirements of 1.5

or 1.65 V of DDR3.

The most commonly found range of actual speeds for DDR3 tends to be from 1333Mhz at the low to less than 300Mhz.

DDR4 SDRAM

DDR3 SDRAM

CD-ROM

BLU-RAY DISC ASSOCIATION

Was designed for long-term storage of data

Duplicated use of the R suffix to denote a disc capable of being recorded on once by the consumer.

Meaning that information written in the factory can't be erased/changed.

Capacity:

25 GB (single-layer), 50 GB (dual-layer),100/128 GB (BDXL)

Can hold appropriately 650MB in its original, least-capable format.

The plastic disc is 120 mm in diameter and 1.2 mm thick, the same size as DVDs and CDs.

DVD-ROM

Medium for video material such as feature films and physical distribution of video games for the PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One.

Single-sided disc that has a single layer of encoded information.

Have a capacity of 4.7GB

Supports disks with capacities of from 4.7GB to 17GB and access rates of 600 KBps to 1.3 MBps

ROM (read-only memory)

TYPES

OF

MEMORY

1) called "read-only" because the original form of this memory could not be written to.

2) Once information had been etched on a silicon chip and manufactured into the ROM package, the information couldn't be changed.

3) The system ROM in the original IBM PC contained the power-on-self-test (POST), (BIOS) and cassette BASIC.

Cache memory, also called CPU memory, is random access memory (RAM) that a computer microprocessor can access more quickly than it can access regular RAM. This memory is typically integrated directly with the CPU chip or placed on a separate chip that has a separate bus interconnect with the CPU.

To store program instructions that are frequently re-referenced by software during operation. Fast access to these instructions increases the overall speed of the software program.

Cache memory levels explained:

- Level 1 (L1) cache is extremely fast but relatively small, and is usually embedded in the processor chip (CPU).

- Level 2 (L2) cache is often more capacious than L1; it may be located on the CPU or on a separate chip or coprocessor with a high-speed alternative system bus interconnecting the cache to the CPU, so as not to be slowed by traffic on the main system bus.

- Level 3 (L3) cache is typically specialized memory that works to improve the performance of L1 and L2. It can be significantly slower than L1 or L2, but is usually double the speed of RAM. In the case of multicore processors, each core may have its own dedicated L1 and L2 cache, but share a common L3 cache. When an instruction is referenced in the L3 cache, it is typically elevated to a higher tier cache.

COMPARISON DVD R VS DVD RW

FIRST GENERATION

third generation

PROGRAMMED ROM (PROM)

electronically erasable

prom (eeprom)

SECOND GENERATION

could be written to for the first time in the filed using a special programming device, but then no more.

does not require UV light to erase its contents but rather a slightly higher than normal electrical pulse.

ERASABLE PROM(EPROM)

PROM

eeprom

Able to erased using ultraviolet light and subsequently reprogrammed using the original programming device.

EPROM

types of memory, cache & OPTICAL STORAGE DEVICES

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