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- THE ROMANTIC PERIOD -

1825-1917

BEETHOVEN'S LEGACY

LUMINARIES in the AGE ROMANTICISM

1900

1825

SCHUBERT - Thumbnail BIO

1797-1828

“Where other people keep diaries in which they record their momentary feelings, etc,

Schubert simply kept sheets of music by him and confided his changing moods to them; and his soul being steeped in music, he put down notes when another man would resort to words.”

- Robert Schumann, letter to to Friedrich Wieck, 1829

b. Vienna

Father schoolmaster

Child prodigy : violin, viola, piano

choir boy

age 9 harmony/counterpoint

age 11 first symphony

Theory with Salieri

Early masterpieces 1812-15

age 15 leaves choir

age 17 teaching at dad's school

Terese Grob … first love (unrequited)

"Gretchen am Spinnrade"

age 18 : most prolific year of his life!!

9 sacred works, 2 masses

Symph No. 3

144 Lieder, including "Die Erlkönig"

1816-22 - The Bohemian

Artistic friendships support him

Viennese coffee houses

Schubertiads

Public performances of work

Recognized by Beethoven: "Truly, the spark of divine genius resides in this Schubert!"

1823-28 - An Unfinished Life

…continued work on symphonies 8, 9

Illness - syphilis

Night life in Vienna

“I feel myself to be the most unhappy and wretched creature in the world. Imagine a man whose health will never be right again…Each night, on retiring to bed, I hope I may not wake again, and each morning but recalls yesterday’s grief.”

1825-28 - Symph. no. 9

String Quintet C Major

Song Cycles: Die Schöne Mullerin, Die Winterreise, Schwanngesang

1850

“I feel a delicious pleasure in which the reasoning faculty has no share…emotion, increasing proportionately with the energy and loftiness of the composer’s inspiration, soon produces a strange commotion in my circulation: my arteries throb violently; tears…often only indicate an advancing condition that is far from having reached its peak. In such cases, there are spasmodic muscular contractions, a trembling of all the limbs, a total numbness of feet and hands, a partial paralysis of the optical and auditory nerves; I cannot see, I barely hear; vertigo…a half swoon…”

Hector Berlioz, 1844

“Do you not see how necessary

a world of pain and trouble is

to school an intelligence and

make a soul?

John Keats

THE SYMPHONY

vs.

Apollonian

Dionysian

HISTORY OF WESTERN MUSIC (continued)

by W Douglas Gallagher

Sonoma Academy

Classical

“cool Apollonian”

to feel pleasure,

to inspire, uplift, edify

Ancient Greece -

Neoclassical architecture,

geometric gardens

Enlightenment =

reason,

disinterested discourse,

balance,

“the pursuit of

happiness”

Freedom in Form

simplicity, repetition

Romantic

“ecstatic Dionysian”

to melt the heart, reduce to tears, astound,

overwhelm, set hair on end

Medieval Gothic -

Castles in ruins

overrun by nature

Romanticism =

legends, fantastic, irrational, idiosyncratic

Each artist a law unto himself

The Cult of Genius

“the addition of strangeness to beauty”

- Walter Pater

Dionysic stirring arises either through the influence of those narcotic potions of which all primitive races speak in their hymns, or through the powerful approach of spring, which penetrates with joy the whole frame of nature. So stirred the individual forgets himself completely... for a brief moment we become ourselves, the primal Being, and we experience its insatiable hunger for existence. Now we see the struggle, the pain, the destruction of appearances, as necessary, because of the constant proliferation of forms pushing into life, because of the extravagant fecundity of the world will. We feel the furious prodding of this travail in the very moment in which we become one with the immense lust for life and are made aware of the eternity and indestructibility of that lust.”

Friedrich Nietzsche in 1882.

Born October 15, 1844

Röcken, Saxony, Prussia

Died August 25, 1900 - Weimar, Germany

FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE

(1844-1900)

APOLLONIAN & DIONYSIAN

- dichotomy -

“GOD IS DEAD”

“Wille zur Macht” – The Will to Power

Übermensch – Also Sprach Zarathustra

EXISTENTIALISM

NIHILISM

- angst, ennui, alienation, absurdity, despair -

Questions: How do we contend/cope in a world without a MORAL SYSTEM (GOD)?

What is the new system of orientation to truth, behavior?

POSTMODERNISM

PERSUANT PROBLEMS: escapism, will to power, sex,drugs, R&R

MUSIC – as means of SELF EXPRESSION

EXPANDED the orchestra : added piccolo, trombones, horns, contrabassoon & unpitched percussion

RHYTHMIC DRIVE : meter, accent, force through rhythm

MOTIVIC CONSISTENCY : unified through motives, motive over melody, organic

PSYCHOLOGICAL PROGRESSION : musical form mirrors the mind

THE SCHERZO : this ternary form (ABA) replaces the Minuet & Trio

COMPOSERS

ARTS & SCIENCES

EARLY ROMANTICS:

Ludwig von Beethoven

Carl Maria von Weber

Gioacchino Rossini

Franz Schubert

Hector Berlioz

Fanny & Felix Mendelssohn

MIDDLE ROMANTICS:

Frédéric Chopin

Robert & Clara Schumann

Franz Liszt

Richard Wagner

Giuseppe Verdi

Bedrích Smetana

Antonín Dvorák

LATE ROMANTICS:

Johannes Brahms

Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky

Giacomo Puccini

Gustav Mahler

Claude Debussy

Richard Strauss

Wanderer Above the Sea and Fog, 1818

Caspar David Friedrich

LITERATURE:

Blake, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Keats, Shelley & Byron

J.W. von Goethe, Novalis, Hölderlin, E.T.A. Hoffman

Dostoyevsky, Tolstoy, Dickens, Emerson, Thoreau, Hawthorne, Twain, Brontë, Flaubert, Rimbaud, Mellville, Zola,Whitman, Dickenson, James…

The supernaturalists :

Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley, Edgar Allen Poe, E.T.A. Hoffman, Brothers Grimm,

H.G. Wells, B. Stoker

VISUAL ARTS:

Realism/Romanticism, Impressionism, Photography

Brady, Daguerre, Eastman, Lumiere

Blake, Cezanne, Courbet, Degas, Delacroix, C.D.Friedrich, Gauguin, van Gogh, Monet, Munch, Pissarro, Rodin, Sargent, Turner, Whistler

SCIENCES: Physics, Electricity, Steam, Gas, Medicine, Psychiatry

A.G. Bell, Bunsen, Curie, Darwin, Doppler, Edison, Faraday, Freud and Jung, Hertz, Mendel, Nobel, Pasteur, Tesla

Philosophy: Marxism, Existentialism, Human Rights

Engels/Marx, Hegel, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, Schopenhauer, Jung, White

Politics: Revolutions - Industrial Age, Manifest Destiny

1776 American Revolution & 1789 French Revolution

1848 the wave of Revolutions…

1865 American Civil War…

Bismarck, Napoleon, Douglass, Jackson, Jefferson, Lincoln, Roosevelt, Queen Victoria

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineteenth_century#Science

1875

Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky

1840-1893

THE TWENTIETH CENTURY & THE MODERN AGE

d. 1827

Gustav Mahler

1860-1911

Hector Berlioz

1803-1869

Fanny Mendelssohn

Robert Schumann

1810-1856

Giuseppe Verdi

1813-1901

Gioacchino Rossini

1792-1868

Felix Mendelssohn

1809-1847

Frédéric Chopin

1810-1849

Richard Strauss

1864-1949

VERDI vs. WAGNER

This was the Golden Age of opera.

A brilliant era of lavish aesthetic perspective and fantastic storytelling,and a magnificent contest between the lyricism of the Italians and the philosophical constructions of the Germans.

Franz Liszt

1811-1886

Johannes Brahms

1833-1897

Franz Schubert

1797-1828

Giaccomo Puccini

1858-1924

“Carve this into your head, in letters of brass:An opera must draw tears, cause horror, bring death,by means of song.”

- Vincenzo Bellini, 1834

Claude Debussy

1862-1918

Giuseppe Verdi

1813-1901

ITALIAN

37 OPERAS

REQUIEM MASS

Celebrity

Populist

Traditional

Enduring popularity, international

MELODY

PLOTLINE

MELODRAMA

DIATONIC

(TRADITIONAL)

POP

APOLLONIAN

Richard Wagner

1813-1883

GERMAN

27 STAGE WORKS

18 OPERAS

Political

Powerful

Controversial

enduring popularity, cult-like interest

GESAMTKUNSTWERK

LEITMOTIF

UNDENDLICHE MELODIE

MYTHOLOGY

CHROMATIC

(MODERN)

PROGRESSIVE

DIONYSIAN

Tristan und Isolde, Prelude, Act I

Die Erlkönig, Schubert 1815

(Goethe 1782)

La Traviata - Libiamo, ne' lieti calici...

Anna Netrebko & Rolando Villazón

Richard Wagner

1813-1883

10 Symphonies

No. VIII - “The Unfinished” - Mvts. 1 & 2

No. IX - “The Great” (The curse of the Ninth…)

No. X - left incomplete

15 Works for chamber ensembles

60 + works for Solo Piano

40 + works for Piano (4 hands)

50 + Sacred and Liturgical works

20 + Operas, works for theater

600 + Lieder, including 3 song cycles

THE BRIDGE COMPOSER

Schubert Quintet in C, D 956 - 3. Scherzo

Trio - Zagreb International Chamber Music Festival 2008

THE 20TH CENTURY

…an AGE of Isms…

ROMANTICISM(German)

NATIONALISM

Russia, Scandinavia, Hungary, England, AmericaTchaikovsky, Janacek, Bartok, Williams, Ives-Copland

IMPRESSIONISMFrench – Debussy

EXPRESSIONISMSchoenberg

PRIMITIVISM & NEO-CLASSICISMStravinsky

MINIMALISMReich, Glass

THE 20th CENTURY

an AGE of Isms

ROMANTICISM

(GERMAN)

NATIONALISM

Russia, Scadninavia, Hungary, England, America

Tchaikovsky, Janacek, Bartok, Williams, Ives, Copland

IMPRESSIONISM

(FRENCH)

Debussy

EXPRESSIONISM

Schoenberg

PRIMITIVISM & NEO-CLASSICISM

Stravinsky

MINIMALISM

Reich, Glass

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