B

Quotations

Citations

First 10^-6 seconds

C

At this point, The progression of the inflation starts to slow down, as entropy starts to increase, the quickly inflating universe starts to cool down. At this point, many sub-atomic particles (particles smaller than an atom) have formed, due to the cooling.

- https://www.universetoday.com/54756/what-is-the-big-bang-theory/

- https://www.space.com/52-the-expanding-universe-from-the-big-bang-to-today.html

- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansion_of_the_universe

- https://home.cern/science/physics/early-universe

- https://www.space.com/2237-dead-stars-planets.html

- https:/www.youtube.com/watch?v=8g8xXzn3BYI

First three minutes

First 10^-43 seconds

In approximately the first 10^-43 seconds, the universe was made due to massive inflation of space, causing the universe to expand even faster than the speed of light! "That is the hundredth of a billionth of a trillionth of a trillionth of a second"^1! The area that the universe expanded from

was about the size of an atom, and

it was called the singularity.

"During the first three minutes of the universe, the light elements were born during a process known as Big Bang nucleosynthesis. Temperatures cooled from 100 nonillion (1032) Kelvin to 1 billion (109) Kelvin, and protons and neutrons collided to make deuterium, an isotope of hydrogen."^1 "The heat of creation smashed atoms together with enough force to break them up into a dense plasma, an opaque soup of protons, neutrons and electrons that scattered light like fog."^1

Quotations

A billion years after the

initial inflation of the universe

^1 https://www.space.com/52-the-expanding-universe-from-the-big-bang-to-today.html

^2 https://home.cern/science/physics/early-universe

Approximately one billion years after the initial inflation of the universe, gravity started to gather atoms and make clouds of gas. After even more time, these stars would use energy up via nuclear fusion, causing new elements to be made. Once these stars explode, they send lots of different elements, depending on the lifespan of the star, into the universe to eventually find a grouping, where planets could form.

380,000 years after the initial inflation

first 3-20 minutes

The expansion of the universe

"It took 380,000 years for electrons to be trapped in orbits around nuclei, forming atoms."^2

This occurred when the universe was cool enough to support matter, giving the universe the ability to make material objects!

Boom! Now we have stuff that would not instantly turn into plasma upon being made into atoms!

During this whole time, the universe had gone from about 10^9k, to 10^7k, or one billion kelvin, to 10 million kelvin! This is quite the diffusion of heat! Stars are able to do nuclear fusion as long as the star is hotter than 10^7k, so, while the universe was hotter than 10^7k, it acted similarly to a star, fusing hydrogen with helium!

This is why the atoms could not stay together, they were making so much heat via nuclear fusion that they would just turn into plasma! By the time that the universe had cooled down to 10^7, %25 of hydrogen had been turned into helium

By Dawson Vogt