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Geography - the perfect location!
Nile: Longest river in the world – essential to life in Egypt.
Delta: area at the mouth of a river. Nile – one of largest deltas in the world.
“Black Land”: Egypt’s nickname due to large amounts of rich, dark silt deposited in the Nile Delta.
Cataracts: rough bolder filled spots on the Nile creating rough rapids and waterfalls.
Egypt
The Black Land
Kingdom United
The "Old Kingdom"
• Approx. 3200 BCE
•Unification - Undetermined
- Scorpio/Narmer/Menes
- Upper & Lower Egypt - united
• The Pyramids –
o Tombs for Egypt’s rulers
o Built by laborers
• The Pharaohs –
o (King) head of Egyptian government
o God in human form
o Absolute power
o Family business (dynasty)
• Theocracy – ruled by religious figures.
Religion:
- Polytheistic - belief in many gods/goddesses (over 2,000)
- Book of the Dead - collection of ancient texts intended to guide the soul in the afterlife.
Illustration: Book of the Dead
Canopic Jars
The New Kingdom
•Capital at Thebes
•First permanent army
•Expand empire – take over parts of Nubia (Kush)
•Leader Akhenaten
Monotheistic: Aten – Sun God
Culture & Society
Egyptian Calendar
Advanced Science & Technology
- Astronomy
- Geometry
- Medicine
- Theocracy - Government ruled by religious authority
- Stratified society - hierarchy, but room for movement
- Mummification - embalming and preserving the body for the afterlife.
- Women’s role – in the home, some rights
- Daily life – wore make-up, enjoyed sports, dancing, games, etc.
Additional Aspects
Art – detailed and colorful, unique style
• Writing – hieroglyphics – picture symbols used to depict sounds, and ideas, one of earliest forms of writing
• Papyrus – reedy plant used to write on – early “paper”
• Rosetta Stone – tablet written in hieroglyphics, demotic and ancient Greek – used to help decipher Egyptian language.
Rosetta Stone
Notable Leaders
o Hatshepsut –
Only female pharaoh
Sphinx
o Ramses (II)The Great
Battles Hittites
Marries Hittite princess
Last great emperor of Egypt
"Tut"
The Middle Kingdom (2055 BC)
• Strong leadership
• Economic prosperity
• Increased trade
• Defeated by outsiders (Hyksos)
- Hyksos rule 1570-1075 BCE
- Egypt will overthrow Hyksos & rule again = New Kingdom
Kingdoms:
Old - Middle - New