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religious and

cultural differences

Pashtun

Hazara

The Hazara Ethnic Group

  • 9% of the Afghan population
  • They share physical, lingual, and cultural characteristics with the Mongols
  • Speak a Persianized Mongol language called "Hazaragi"
  • Live mostly in Central Afghanistan
  • Traditionally nomads (like the Mongols!)
  • Hazara are mostly followers of the Shiite branch of Islam

They live in the mountianous and rugged part of Central Afghanistan and stick mostly to this region called "Hazarajat".

Share physical characteristics with the Mongol people of Central Asia

The Hazara are said to be descended from Ghengis Khan's Army which marched into the area during the 1200's

  • The Hazara leaders were called "kahns" until they were defeated by the pashtun in 1891

The Hazara face discrimination and repression because of cultural/physical differences in relation to the Pashtun, the largest ethnic group.

They are one of Afghanistan's most impoverished ethnic groups, and one of the most resistant to government control.

  • As Shiites, the Hazara highly value martyrdom as a tradition.

Leaders are called mujtahids

He is the manefestation of God and can interpret the Qur'an perfectly.

Differences from Sunnis

1. Imamate

2. Taqiyya

3. Taqlid

4. Khums

Holidays

The major Shi'ite holiday is the celebration of the martyrdom of Hussain (Ali's son).

On this day, Shi'ites perform plays and hold processions where they beat themselves until they bleed.

Conflicts

Flag: Pashtun led Peoples Democratic Party of Afghanistan Government (Communist)

Soviet-Afghan War

  • Soviet Goal: get rid of the Peoples Democratic Party of Afghanistan
  • Pashtun government VS. the Soviet Republic
  • Soviets gave the other ethnicities political autonomy
  • Soviets withdrew in 1989
  • the minor ethnicities were not willing to give up power so easily

VS.

Taliban invaded the Mazar-i-Sharif, a Shiite holy site, the Taliban massacred the Hazaras that were defending it.

Ariel Cutter

Carina Munoz

Carolyn Somvilay

Dani Ambrosio

Gianne Rayandayan

and

Pashtun Boy

Hazara boy

Pashtun Ethnic Group

  • 38% of the Afghan population
  • Largest ethnic group in Afghanistan
  • Situated throughout Afghanistan
  • They speak Pashto as their native tongue
  • Most Pashtuns follow the Sunni sect within Islam

Pashtun tribe

Pashtuns belong to a certain clan or tribe to dedicate their loyalty to.

Conflicts often happen over property, women, or revenge.

These clans/tribes are infamous for being violent with opposing clans/tribes.

"Milmastia" . . .Hospitality

"Tureh" . . . .Courage

"Badal" . . . .Revenge/Justice

"Sabat" . . . .Loyalty

"Imandari" . . .Righteousness

"Ghayrat" . . . .Protection of one's honor

"Namus" . . . .Honor of women

These laws stress the importance of...

Mass repression (arrests and executions) of tens of thousands:

  • professionals
  • Islamic leaders
  • Hazaras

A code of unwritten, moral laws (Pashtunwali) that the Pashtun people abide to.

They are considered the most powerful ethnic group

in Afghanistan. However, due to fighting between the

Taliban and U.S. forces, many were left displaced and

many emigrated from Afghanistan.

Most Hazara are

Shiite

One of Two Main Sects of Islam

he was married to Fatimah, Muhammad's favorite daughter

The doctrine of the Koran is more open to interpretation, but clerical hierarchy is more structured.

Take up 16%

of Muslims

Ali

They only recognize the fourth caliph, Ali

Shi'ites do not recognize the first three caliphs

Sunni

the shiites believe that their religious leaders are chosen from Mohammad's lineage

Shiites highly value martyrdom as a tradition

was the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad

Most live in

The Ali are the direct descendants of Mohammad, Allah's prophet

Most Pashtun are

full name Shia't Ali

Translated into "the party of Ali"

They believe that the imam must be a descendant of Muhammad

There are different groups of Shi'ites.

Most of the difference lies in how many imams they believe have come after Ali

AND

Sunni's make up 83 % of Muslims

Shi'ites who belive there have been twelve imams are called Twelvers, while Shi'ites who believe there have only been seven imams are called Seveners.

Most Shi'ites are Twelvers.

A Sunni man

BeliEved to be a

PRAGMATIC GROUP

  • The name Sunni translates to " tradition"

They occupy most of the

Middle East

Sunnis believe in temporary marriages

Sunni Muslims are more widely diffused than Shiite Muslims

  • Don't believe that Muhammad

designated a successor

  • Sunni shun formal clergy and sunni leaders are instead elected
  • The Koran holds political and religious law

the koran is to be taken literally!

  • no images of islamic leaders
  • no elaborate tombs for famous muslims

The Extremist faction of Wahabists with

which Osama Binladen is associated falls under the Sunni branch of Islam

Ruler is called the mujtahids

  • Imams are sinless
  • They suffer persecution willingly
  • Their knowledge comes from God

Taliban

  • Shi'ites are permitted to hide their beliefs when they are among people who would harm them
  • This probably developed due to the immense amount of discrimination Shi'ites have faced throughout history

fundamentalist Sunni Islamic group

Northern Alliance

This persecution has led to the feeling among Shi'ites that they have been wronged by non-Shia Muslims.

  • non-Pashtun, ethnic alliance
  • Tajik and Uzbek soldiers
  • Shia should imitate or model themselves on the example of a pious scholar.
  • Originally developed among both Sunnis and Shia, this is now mostly a Shia practice

Modern Sunni thought disapproves of this practice.

  • Shi'ites must pay one fifth of their annual income to their local religious authority.
  • This extra money has helped Shi'ite religious authorities remain free from government control throughout history.

Period 2

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