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Section 2

Section 1

Struggles in Africa

Section 3

Conflicts Divide Nations

Iraq’s History of Conflict

.Conflicts in Middle East

-Iraq emerged from Ottoman Empire after WWI

-Saddam Hussein took advantage of turmoil

-repressed Kurdish revolts, used chemical weapons on Kurdish civilians

-Sparked genocide and outrage

-Iraq invaded Kuwait

-Hussein continued using torture and terror to impose will

U.S. Forces Defeat Saddam Hussein

-The Middle East commands vast oil resources and key waterways such as the Persian Gulf.

-Since the end of the cold war, Western nations prevent regional powers from interfering with oil supply

Seeking Peace

During the 1950’s and 1960’s independence was being won by many nations in Africa.

The problem Africa suffered with was unity between the nations.

Most of the nations had rivalries, different religious beliefs, and even spoke a different language.

-Golda Meir- first woman prime minister

-1979 Egypt and Israel sign peace accord

-Brittan and U.S. charged Saddam for WMDs(Weapons of mass destruction)

-U.S. and Brittan invade Iraq

- Saddam’s reign comes to an end

- After invasion Iraq begins to rebuild but is continuously hampered by bombings and attacks for cooperating with foreign troops

In recent decade, wars have raged in many parts of the world.

These conflicts were often started from differences in ethnic, religion, and the nation you live in.

Nationalism led to the creation of many new nations after World War II.

Civil war ( war started from slavery)

Civil War in Bosnia

Sources of Conflict

Sri lanka, Canada, and Northern Ireland

In 1980, Zimbabwe gained independence after black militias were formed against whites for freedom.

Robert Mugabe was a popular president but then turned into a dictator who was accused of fraud.

Civil War Ravages Lebanon

Many new nations began from borders being drawn by european powers with little concern for ethnic, religious, or regional differences.

Often, the larger ethnic or religious group dominated the government and the economy and oppressed other groups.

  • When Bosnia declared Independence, a civil war emerged.
  • Bosnia Serbs wanted their own government.
  • Slobodan Milosevic, serbian president, sent money and arms to aid them.
  • In Sri Lanka, religious discrimination led to a civil war between Buddhist and Hindu's. The war lasted over 25 years.
  • In Canada, Quebec wants to separate from the country due to language and culture. Instead of wars, Canada settles disputes peacefully by going through the government.
  • In Northern Ireland, religious and economic discrimination led to a long dispute with violence and terrorism. Protestants targeted christians in order for power. This war lasted over 3 decades.

-Tension rose as guerrillas disgusted as refugees to cross border and attack Israel

-1975 war in Lebanon

-Came to agreement, pledged no faction would use weapons within Lebanon

  • In 1910 South Africa attained independence from Britain
  • The black majority was still suppressed by the white people in the area much like racial segregation occurred here in the U.S.
  • The white people controlled the government and economy. They passed laws restricting black people of certain rights such as voting

-Divisions split Palestinian Authority between Arafat party and radical Isalmist group

-Attacks broke out

-Israeli invaded and stopped the short destructive war

  • Nelson Mandela was soon elected President of South Africa.
  • things were expected to change for blacks, but nothing happened.
  • Racism was still present and blacks were still poor.

Israel Controls Occupied Territories

Slobodan Milosevic

Ongoing Violence

  • The fall of communism fed nationalist unrest in Yugoslavia
  • In 1991, Slovenia and Croatia declared independence
  • soon after Macedonia and Bosnia broke away.
  • Montenegro soon followed, leaving Serbia alone.

-Israel took control of Territories occupied by Jordan and Egypt in the 1967 war

-Nations attacked Israel on Yom Kippur(Holiest day of the year)

- Arabs Failed to regain control

Russia and its Neighbors

  • During the war, all sides commited atrocities.
  • Bosnian Serbs started Ethnic Cleansing, which means kill people of ethnic groups and remove them from their homes to have "pure" places.
  • NATO sent airstrikes against Bosnia military which sent them to the peace table.
  • An international Force helped maintain the peace in Bosnia after the airstrikes.

Obstacles to Peace

-Palestinians want the “right to return” to lands in Israel

-Israeli opposes this right

-Palestinians want Jewish settlements to leave West Bank

-Palestinians want east Jerusalem to become the capital

Fight for Kosovo

  • Ethnic and Religious tensions in Russia and several former soviet republics started many conflicts.
  • Separatist in Chechnya, Republic of Azerbaijan, Nagorno Karabakh, South Ossetia and Abkhazia, all wanted to separate from Russian Rule.
  • This led to several long wars eventually leading to a few years a piece.
  • After 1948, racial segregation worsened; an expansion of segregation called apartheid was put into place.
  • the black people decided to rebel against the white supremacy
  • A group called the ANC (African National Congress) protested
  • In 1960, police shot and killed 69 men, women and children in a protest in Sharpeville

Ethnic differences were a problem for most African nations especially in Rwanda.

The two ethnic groups that reside in the country were the Hutus and Tutsis

Even though they spoke the same language they had differences in traditions which were usually settled with violence

  • While Bosnia reached peace, a crisis broke out in Kosovo
  • Serbian Leader, Slobodan Milosevic began oppressing Kosovo Albanians.
  • By 1990, a small guerrilla force targeted serbians
  • they began ethnic cleansing.
  • NATO launched air strikes to settle everything down.
  • A small NATO force remained to keep peace in the province.

NATO

The ANC changed to a peaceful rebellion to an armed militia.

One of the leaders was the legendary Nelson Mandela. He became a symbol of freedom for all going through suppression.

Arabs and Israelis Fight over land

Even though a civil war was settled, mass killings were going on in Sudan.

Militias were formed against the government.

Also in 2005, a peace treaty was signed to end battle.

However the US stepped in to help control the militias.

Palestinian Attacks Bring Israeli Response

Yugoslavia Breaks apart

-Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO)

-Headed by Yasir Arafat

-PLO called for destruction of Israel

-Gained attention with airplanes hijackings and killing Israeli athletes during Olympic Games

Civil war

- Israel established 1948

- Israel and neighbors fought 3 more wars, in 1956, 1967, and 1973

- Israel defeated the Arab forces

  • Ethnic, nationalist, and religious tensions tore Yugoslavia apart during the 1990s.
  • Before 1991, Yugoslavia was multiethnic, which had 6 different republics.
  • Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia, Montenegro, and Macedonia.
  • A civil war broke out between after a mysterious plane crash killed both Burundi and Rwanda presidents.
  • Thousands of people were killed and many peoples homes were lost to mobs.
  • in 2005, a treaty was signed to ensure peace

Chapter 32

Regional Conflicts (1945- Present)

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