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North America

Columbian Exchange

  • Dutch settle along the Hudson, New Netherlands and it taken over in 1664 by the British renamed New York.
  • British settlement, Jamestown in 1607.
  • British also established religious safe havens and colonized along the Atlantic coast.
  • French established colonies in Canada (furs, leather, fish, and timber)

Portugal

Spain

Americas to Europe

Squash, Avocado, Peppers, Sweet Potatoes, Turkey, Pumpkin, Tobacco, Quinine, Cocoa, Pineapple, Cassava, Potato, Peanut, Tomato, Vanilla, Maize, Syphilis

Europe to Americas

Olive, Coffee Bean, Banana, Rice, Onion, Turnip, Honeybee, Barley, Grape, Peach, Sugar Cane, Oats, Citrus Fruits, Pear, Wheat, Horse, Cattle, Sheep, Pigs, Smallpox, Flu, Typhus, Measles, Malaria, Diphtheria, Whooping Cough

New World Exploration

  • They were the leaders of expansion and exploration, and were sponsored by Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460).
  • In 1419 he founded a school for navigators, and encouraged the exploration of Africa looking for gold.
  • In 1441, they brought back a cargo of black Africans that were sold as slaves.
  • Approximately 1,000 Africans a year were made slaves.
  • In 1471, they found gold and worked at bringing it back.
  • Italian Christopher Columbus, believed the circumference of the world was smaller (Europeans knew the earth was round) and thought he could reach Asia by traveling west.
  • After rejected by Portugal he convinced Queen Isabella of Spain to finance his expedition.
  • On October 12, 1492 he reached the Bahamas, explored Cuba and Hispaniola.
  • He believed he reached Asia and reported to the queen that gold would soon be found and they need to convert the natives, “Indians” to Christianity.

China

  • John Cabot - New England
  • Pedro Cabra – South America
  • Vasco Nunez de Balboa – crossed the Isthmus of Panama and reached the Pacific in 1513.
  • Ferdinand Magellan – starting in Spain, passed the southern tip of South America crossed the Pacific, died in the Philippines, one of his five ships returned to Spain and circumnavigated the earth.
  • Although populated by millions, the Americas were new to Europe.
  • The Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494, divided the new lands between Spain and Portugal.

Japan

  • When contact began the Chinese were controlled by the powerful Ming dynasty.
  • They viewed the Europeans as barbarians, they agreed to very limited trade.
  • In 1644 the Qing dynasty took power, during the transition Russia and the British were able to create a slightly better trade agreement.
  • But all traders were limited a small island outside the city walls and even when the British requested more access they denied them.

India

  • At first the Japanese were fascinated by European goods, tobacco, clocks, and eyeglasses.
  • But when missionaries tried to interfere in government they were expelled.
  • The merchants were then forced out, only the Dutch (they never had missionary activities interfere with trade) could come once a year to Nagasaki harbor to trade for a few months.

Triangular Trade

West Indies

Early Civilizations in Mesoamerica

  • The British and French were both able to establish trade colonies in India.
  • The French however were only able to build a fort in Pondicherry and other small areas in the southeast because France refused to finance far-off India.
  • The British gained control in Bengal, and then defeated the Mughal army and the British East India Company got the area of Calcutta.
  • British – Barbados, Jamaica, Bermuda
  • French – Saint Domingue (Haiti), Martinique, and Guadeloupe
  • Plantations, tobacco, cotton, coffee, and sugar
  • Sugar the leader, at the death of slaves thousands of tons of sugar a year.
  • Around 300 the Mayan’s built up the Yucatan peninsula.
  • They had temples, pyramids, artists, and calendar.
  • They were an agrarian people with a collection of city-states.
  • For unknown reasons it declined around 800 in the 1100’s the Aztecs migrated in.
  • Their capital was Tenochtitlan an island in Lake Texcoco.
  • They built cities with temples, public buildings and aqueducts bringing in fresh water.
  • The entire region came under their control.
  • Europe to Africa
  • Manufactured goods
  • Trinkets
  • Guns
  • Africa to Americas
  • Middle Passage
  • Slaves
  • Americas to Europe
  • Raw Materials
  • Rum
  • Tobacco
  • Cotton
  • Molasses

Spanish Conquest of Aztecs

The Slave Trade

  • In 1519 under Hernan Cortes, marched to the capital with 550 men and 16 horses as he traveled he made alliances with city-states tired of Aztec oppression.
  • When he arrived at the capital he was welcomed by monarch Moctezuma.
  • Moctezuma thought Cortes was a representative of Quetzalcoatl, the god who left his homeland and promised to return.
  • Moctezuma gave Cortes gives of gold and a palace to reside.
  • Eventually the Spaniards took Moctezuma hostage and pillaged the city the population revolted and many drove them out and Spaniards were killed.
  • But soon after due to no natural immunity, small pox devastated the community.
  • Cortes returned with fresh troops 50,000 warriors of neighboring city-states.
  • They destroyed the city, leveled the pyramids, temples and palaces.

Spanish Administration

Portugal

  • Slavery was not new to Africa, it had been a part of Africa for centuries.
  • Portugal at the end of the 15th century started to develop sugar plantations in Brazil and Caribbean islands.
  • Cane sugar requires large quantities of laborers and skill; they started to ship African slavers for workers.
  • By the 17th century a million and by the 18th century 6 million were enslaved.
  • At least 10 million slavers were transported by the British, French, Dutch, Portuguese, Danish, and US ships.
  • The high numbers are due to a high death rate 10%, slaves were packed into cargo ships, and chained in holds without sanitation in a 100 day voyage.
  • Queen Isabella declared the natives of the New World to be subjects of Castile and instituted the Spanish encomienda.
  • A system collected tribute from the natives and use them as laborers and the ruler there was to protect the Indians, pay them wages, and supervise their spiritual needs.
  • Most setters ignored the government and brutally used the natives; they worked on plantations and in gold and silver mines.
  • Forced labor, starvation, and disease (smallpox, measles, and typhus) took its toll an estimate of 30-40% died.
  • They divided the land into two units: New Spain (Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean island) and Peru (western South America), each governed by a viceroy.
  • The viceroy was a king’s chief officer and had an advisory group.
  • The Catholic church appointed clergy, built churches, and sought to Christianize the heathen.
  • Missionaries, Dominicans, Franciscans, and Jesuits – converted and baptized hundreds.
  • In 1488, Bartholomeu Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope.
  • In 1498, Vasco da Gama, was the first explorer to reach India by sea, he brought back cinnamon and ginger and made a profit of several thousand percent.
  • The Portuguese worked to monopolize the region.
  • Alfonso de Albuquerque set up a port in Goa, India then defeated the Arabs in Malacca, and take control of the spice trade.
  • They created a first global empire, but Portugal is small and was unable to hold on to their position.

Southeast Asia

  • Spain gained control over the Philippines.
  • Spanish ships carried silk and other luxury good to Mexico in return for silver.
  • The Dutch seized Portuguese forts and took over the spice trade, Indonesia were under their control growing pepper.
  • Other mainland countries (Thailand, Burma, and Vietnam) were able to keep the Europeans out.

Spanish Conquest of Incas

  • Before the 1440’s, the Inca was a small community in the Andes.
  • Ruler Pachakuti and his successors conquered the entire region of about 12 million people.
  • The empire was divided into 4 quarters and then into Providences each ruled by a governor related to the royal family.
  • They were great builders, 24,800 miles of roads through the Andes.
  • Before the Spanish arrived the Incas had succumbed to smallpox, including the emperor, his two sons fought over leadership in a civil war.
  • Francisco Pizarro, in 1530 with 180 men, took advantage of the war by seizing Atahualpa, who had just defeated his brother.
  • The Incan soldiers fell easily to the soldiers with guns and cannons, they executed Atahualpa and aided by Inca allies, captured the capital.
  • In1535, Pizarro established a capital in Lima.

Means

Motives

Effects of Contact

  • Inflation, mostly on food, wage earners saw their stand of living decrease.
  • Huge profits for people investing in trade companies.
  • Huge numbers of Christian converts.
  • The Mongol conquest reopened Europe to the east.
  • Marco Polo a Venetian merchant wrote about his travels east on the Silk Road in Travels.
  • When the Ottoman conquered the Mongols they closed overland travel.
  • Europeans started to search for a sea route.
  • The wealthy had a desire for precious metals and spices and early explorers wanted to gain wealth abroad.
  • Religion was closely tied to all aspects of life and many of the early explorers really believed they needed to save those people they encountered.
  • With the rise of power to the monarchs they had the authority and resources to look abroad.
  • Ptolemy’s map (although with only 2 oceans and 3 continents) it laid out distances between ports with compass (new invention) readings.
  • Seaworthy ships, they mastered the axial rudder and learned how to use both lateen sails with square rig.
  • Ships could sail against the wind and large enough to hold cannons and trade goods.
  • The Hartman astrolabe helps to compare the stars, moon, and suns location.
  • The sextant measures the angle between 2 visible objects like the sun and Polaris to find longitude.

European Imperialism: Contact and Confrontation

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