Copy of The Cold War

Gerra Hotza: lehenengo urteak

1947-1970

Berreirakuntza & Norgehiagoka

Konferentziak

Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS

USA supported cuban dictator Batista

• American bussinessmen owned much of Cuba’s industry and made big profits
• Most cubans lived in poverty

REVOLUTION!

1959: Fidel Castro set up a new regime, pro communist and relations with USSR

Defeat of invaders

Nationalisation of US companies

Commercial relationships with the USSR

CIA preparing invasion

USA invasion of Cuba: Bay of Pigs

Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

POSTDAM

(1945eko uztaila)

Warsaw Pact (1955)

• East Germany
• Hungary
• Poland
• Rumania

• U. S. S. R.
• Albania
• Bulgaria
• Czechoslovakia

• Truman, Stalin and Churchill attended
• Setting up of the UN: to solve disagreements after the war
• Agreed on the plans for the division of Germany
• Germany would have to pay reparations and war criminals would be tried
• Americans worried about communist influence in Europe and Asia.
• Obvious disagreements between USA and USSR
• Two blocs were created

We went eyeball-to-eyeball with the Russians, and the other man blinked!

Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

YALTA , 1945eko Otsaila

Khruschev Embraces Castro, 1961

The Ideological Struggle

US & the Western Democracies

Soviet & Eastern Bloc Nations [“Iron Curtain”]

GOAL  spread world-wide Communism

GOAL  “Containment” of Communism & the eventual collapse of the Communist world.

Marshall Plana [1948]

• “European Recovery Program.” : rebuilding of Europe
• Secretary of State, George Marshall
• “The U. S. should provide aid to all European nations that need it. This move is not against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos.”
• $12.5 billion of US aid to Western Europe extended to Eastern Europe & USSR, [but this was rejected].

METHODOLOGIES:

• Espionage [KGB vs. CIA]
• Arms Race [nuclear escalation]
• Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts of Third World peoples [Communist govt. & command economy vs. democratic govt. & capitalist economy]  “proxy wars”
• Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]

• Demilitarisation of Germany
• Division of Germany into 4 zones of influence: British, French, American and Russian
• Poland changed its borders
• USSR guarantee free elections for Eastern European countries under its influence

Bay of Pigs Debacle (1961)

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949)

The “Iron Curtain”

From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern Europe. -- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946

• United States
• Belgium
• Britain
• Canada
• Denmark
• France
• Iceland
• Italy

• Luxemburg
• Netherlands
• Norway
• Portugal
• 1952: Greece & Turkey
• 1955: West Germany
• 1983: Spain

Truman Dotrina [1947]

Containment: if the USSR could be contained within a certain area, then there would be no problems regarding a new world war

• Greziako gerra zibila.
• SESBek Turkia presionatu Dardanelotan kontzesioak egiteko
• EEBBak Grezia eta Turkiari $400 million laguntza gisa

Vietnam War: 1965-1973

USA: Lost war = divisions in their own country

Vietnam: 4 million civilians killed, devastated country, exile

Berlin Blockade & Airlift

(1948-49)

Post-War Germany

Paris, 1961

The Berlin Wall Goes Up (1961)

Ich bin ein Berliner! (1963)

Reconstruction & Confrotation

Former Czech President, Alexander Dubček

Communism with a human face!

President Kennedy tells Berliners that the West is with them!

Checkpoint Charlie

Khrushchev & JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation. Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young, inexperienced, and can be rolled.

DETERRENCE THEORY

Two superpowers engaged in conflict until 1989

PROXY WARS

Superpowers could not fight each other directly

• Between communists and west.
• Two powers use third parties as substitutes for fighting each other directly.
• USA and USSR “represented” by other countries.

The Hungarian Uprising: 1956

Imre Nagy, Hungarian Prime Minister

• Promised free elections.
• This could lead to the end of communist rule in Hungary.

The Suez Crisis: 1956-1957

The Korean War: A “Police Action” (1950-1953)

Kim Il-Sung

Syngman Rhee