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EGYPTIAN MATH

Egyptian Ink

Papyrus

Egyptian Calendar

Egyptian mathematics is the mathematics that was developed and used in Ancient Egypt from ca. 3000 BC to ca. 300 BC

I would present this by drawing it

out on a section of the wall. I would

present the Egyptian calendar and the

calendar we use today to show comparisons.

I would present ink that is bought in a bottle.

I WOULD PRESENT THIS BY DOING A MESSAGE ON A WALL IN HIEROGLYPICS.

I would present this

as a drawing on a wall

and I would also so it in our

version.

Yes, we do use the calendar every single

day to keep up with the days of the week,

holidays and birthdays.

The hieroglypics is still used today only in a different style of writing that we use.

We do use ink in this time era. We use it to write

letters, numbers and stories.

I would show this in a item in a picture.

Yes we use math everyday. We

add numbers together, we count money,

we have to pay our bills by being

able to count

Ancient Egyptian texts could be written in either hieroglyphs or in Hieratic. In either representation the number system was always given in base 10. The number 1 was depicted by a simple stroke, the number 2 was represented by two strokes, etc. The numbers 10, 100, 1000, 10,000 and 1,000,000 had their own hieroglyphs. Number 10 is a hobble for cattle, number 100 is represented by a coiled rope, the number 1000 is represented by a lotus flower, the number 10,000 is represented by a finger, the number 100,000 is represented by a frog and a million was represented by a god with his hands raised in adoration

Ancient Egyptian tools used for writing were compiled in a Palette (pen holder) composed of a wooden block having a slim rectangular groove to partially accommodate the reeds (pens) made of the Juncus Maritimus plant that was growing on the banks of the river Nile, and two circular indentations to house the powdered ink, one for red ink and the other for black ink. The red ink was prepared by mixing ochre with gelatin, gum and bee wax and the black ink was prepared by mixing carbon or soot with the same materials to make it in a form of cake and then use water and write with it.

There are many genuine ancient Egyptian Palettes preserved in many museums in the world, such as the Louvre in Paris and the British Royal Museum in London.

KingTutShop offers identical replicas of those palettes with the same type of pens and ink, together with a pack of 5 Papyrus blank sheets size 20X30 cm to let you entertain the proud feelings of the high ranked officials and scholars of ancient Egypt.

The ancient Egyptian calendar was invented over 5000 years ago. It was originally based on the lunar cycle of 12 months, which the Egyptians grouped into three seasons of four months each to coincide with the rise and fall of the waters of the Nile. However, although the flooding of the Nile began each year around the end of June, the floods occurred within a range of 80 days and were not accurate enough to base a calendar on. So the ancient Egyptians, having noticed that the Nile’s rising coincided with the heliacal rising of the star Sirius, the brightest star in the sky, based the year on the cycle of its reappearance.

The beginning of the year, also called "the opening of the year", was determined by the appearance of the star Sirius, in the constellation of Canis Major, which occurred around June 21st. However, because the rising of Sirius is a stellar event, which means it occurs every 365 ¼ days, the rising of the star did not precisely match the calendar, which was based on the lunar cycle and so had an average of 354 days--11 days less than a solar year. This meant that the rising of the star would very quickly be out of sync with the calendar. To correct this, the Egyptians introduced an extra month to create a “Great Year” of 384 days every 2 or 3 years.

We do use papyrus every day but it is called notebook

paper. We use it in doing school work, writing letters

to friends and family members. We also use it for computer paper to print things off the internet, print of letters written on the computer.

Hieroglyphs

Origins of Egyptian Hieroglyphs

The ancient Egyptians believed that writing was invented by the god Thoth and called their hieroglyphic script "mdwt ntr" (god's words). The word hieroglyph comes from the Greek hieros (sacred) plus glypho (inscriptions) and was first used by Clement of Alexandria.

The earliest known examples of writing in Egypt have been dated to 3,400 BC. The latest dated inscription in hieroglyphs was made on the gate post of a temple at Philae in 396 AD.

The hieroglyphic script was used mainly for formal inscriptions on the walls of temples and tombs. In some inscriptions the glyphs are very detailed and in full colour, in others they are simple outlines. For everyday writing the hieratic script was used.

After the Emperor Theodsius I ordered the closure of all pagan temples throughout the Roman empire in the late 4th century AD, knowledge of the hieroglyphic script was lost until the early 19th century, when a French man named Jean-Francois Champollion (1790-1832) managed to decipher the script.

Notable features

Possibly pre-dates Sumerian Cuneiform writing - if this is true, the Ancient Egyptian script is the oldest known writing system. Another possibility is that the two scripts developed at more or less the same time.

The direction of writing in the hieroglyphic script varied - it could be written in horizontal lines running either from left to right or from right to left, or in vertical columns running from top to bottom. You can tell the direction of any piece of writing by looking at the way the animals and people are facing - they look towards the beginning of the line.

The arrangement of glyphs was based partly on artistic considerations.

Egypt is important for papyrus in two respects. First, papyrus plants grew almost exclusively in the region of the Nile delta. Secondly, the dry climate of Egypt made it possible for papyri to endure, in many cases, for over 2 millenia.

The first recorded purchase of papyri by European visitors to Egypt was in 1778. In that year a nameless dealer in antiquities bought from some peasants a papyrus roll of documents from the year 191 - 192 A.D., and looked on while they set fire to fifty or so others simply to enjoy the aromatic smoke that was produced. Since that date an enormous quantity of inscribed papyri in all possible languages, of ages varying from a thousand to nearly five thousand years, have been recovered from the magic soil of the ancient seats of civilisation in the Nile Valley. From about 1820 to 1840 the museums of Europe acquired quite a respectable number of papyri from Memphis and Letopolis in Middle Egypt, and from This, Panopolis, Thebes, Hermonthis, Elephantine, and Syene in Upper Egypt. Not many scholars took any notice of them at first, and only a very few read and profited by them

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